英语翻译1.Introduction Less satisfactory performance in the construction indus-try has led to the belief that construction products cannotbe completed within budget and desired quality [1].Although quality management is implemented by manyorganiz

英语翻译1.Introduction Less satisfactory performance in the construction indus-try has led to the belief that construction products cannotbe completed within budget and desired quality [1].Although quality management is implemented by manyorganiz
英语翻译
1.Introduction
Less satisfactory performance in the construction indus-
try has led to the belief that construction products cannot
be completed within budget and desired quality [1].
Although quality management is implemented by many
organizations,serious problems can still be found in con-
struction sites [2].Without an ective quality cost system
in place,performance improvement can be very di?cult to
identify and measure [3].
The major problemsthat causecostlyerrors in construc-
tion are [4,5]:(i) inadequate training and management of
designers.The results of low quality design are variation
orders and claims due to frequent changes in the detailed
information throughout the project’s construction process;
(ii) inadequate or incorrect specifications in the tender;
(iii) inadequate definition of responsibilities within man-
agement groups both in the ce and on site; (iv) poor
communication among parties involved in the contract,
leading to confusion and costly delays; (v) inadequate
training and management of the construction labour force
on site; and (vi) inadequate verification procedures and
policies to ensure that design,materials and workmanship
meet specific requirements.
Higher product quality standards have increasingly
become necessary around the world.To accurately mea-
sure quality performance in the industry,costs of achieving
high quality have been strongly advocated by many
researchers[1,6–13].The costs spenton having high quality
models could help organizations to save up to 30% of the
total manufacturing costs [14].Prevention–appraisal–fail-
ure (PAF) modelling is significant for firms to ectively
control and to sustain competitive advantage.
.

英语翻译1.Introduction Less satisfactory performance in the construction indus-try has led to the belief that construction products cannotbe completed within budget and desired quality [1].Although quality management is implemented by manyorganiz
1 .导言
不如人意的表现,在建设工业化
尝试导致了相信,建筑产品不能
完成预算和期望的质量[ 1 ] .
虽然质量管理是实施的许多
组织,严重的问题,仍然可以发现,在协商
结构的网站[ 2 ] .没有一个电子呢?ective质量成本系统
在地方,性能的改善可以是很直接投资?邪教
确定和衡量[ 3 ] .
主要problemsthat causecostlyerrors在施工-
tion是[ 4,5 ] ：（一）训练不足和管理
设计师.结果,低质量的设计是变化
订单和索赔因频繁的变化,在详细
信息在整个项目的建设进程;
（二）不足或不正确规格在招标;
（三）不足的定义,责任人
管理的团体无论是在澳?行政长官和现场; （四）扶贫
之间的沟通,当事人在合同中,
导致混乱和昂贵的延误; （五）不足
培训和管理的建造劳动力
关于网站;及（ vi ）不足的核查程序和
政策,以确保设计,材料及施工
符合特定要求的.
更高的产品质量标准,有越来越多
成为必要的世界各地.准确多边环境协定-
确保质量的表现在该行业,成本的实现
高品质一直极力主张由许多
研究者[ 1,6-13 ] .费用spenton有高品质
模型可以帮助组织,以节省多达30 ％的
总制造成本[ 14 ] .预防评估-失败-
余吕杏茜（血小板活化因子）模型是显着的企业电子商务?ectively
控制和维持竞争优势.