英语翻译1What are the advantages and disadvantages of the congressional system in the U.S.2How does judical review relate to the notion of "the rule of law" in the states?考研复习题里面的,呵呵,不是要翻译,最好英文回答.

英语翻译1What are the advantages and disadvantages of the congressional system in the U.S.2How does judical review relate to the notion of "the rule of law" in the states?考研复习题里面的,呵呵,不是要翻译,最好英文回答.
英语翻译
1What are the advantages and disadvantages of the congressional system in the U.S.
2How does judical review relate to the notion of "the rule of law" in the states?
考研复习题里面的,呵呵,不是要翻译,最好英文回答.

英语翻译1What are the advantages and disadvantages of the congressional system in the U.S.2How does judical review relate to the notion of "the rule of law" in the states?考研复习题里面的,呵呵,不是要翻译,最好英文回答.
1.The congressional system in the U.S.is a two-party system with an upper- and a lower- house.It is fairly represents all the states,regardless of the population of the state,but creates inefficiencies in policy-making because both houses much pass the same resolution.
The upper-house,the Senate,has two preventatives from each state,where each state is represented equally.This way,a state that is poor and primarily engaged in agriculture has as many representatives as a state that is very urbanized.The lower-house,the House of Representatives grants a different number of seats to each state based on population,and adjusts accordingly after every census.This way big,populous states like New York and California has a more representation than the small ones like North Dakota in the House of Representatives.
When the congress wants to pass a bill,it could start in either of the houses,but after it is drafted and passed in the originating house,it is passed along to the other house,where the bill is usually edited and may not may not get the number of votes needed to pass.If the bill does not get enough votes in the other house,it is sent back to the originating house where it is revised and the process starts all over again.Thus,getting a bill pass both houses is a difficult and long process,which is a disadvantage.
2.The judicial review is a important mechanism for ensuring the proper "rule of law" in the States.Whereas the congress create laws through writing legislation,the president issue laws through executive order and the people could make laws directly through ballot initiatives,the judicial branch is charged with ensuring these laws are compatible with existing laws and do not conflict with the constitution,as well as enforcing these laws correctly.For example,the process of judicial review was monumental to the Equal Rights movement,where the judiciary ruled that "separate but equal" treatments were discriminatory.