NATIONS AND NATIONALISM SECOND EDITION怎么样

NATIONS AND NATIONALISM SECOND EDITION怎么样
NATIONS AND NATIONALISM SECOND EDITION怎么样

NATIONS AND NATIONALISM SECOND EDITION怎么样
Benedict Anderson在《想象的共同體》新版序言中說,Earnest Gellner的Nation and Nationalism代表了功能主義視角研究民族問題,而他自己的作品則是從文化（人的想象）的角度研究. Nation and Nationalism本版本開頭是Breuilly的介紹,其中梳理了民族主義問題研究的簡史,之後說“Gellner thought of modernity as a distinctive form of social organization and culture. He considered nationalism to be a function of modernity.”(Xx.) 話說modernity,Gellner是從經濟發展的角度理解它的,即從農業社會到工業社會的轉變的產物.他不同意 Marxist notion that nationalism was a class ideology formed within capitalism,也不同意Anderson所謂的是imagined community,而說 the idea of nationalism was product not producer,即工業社會中的結構性的產物. 具體而言,他有力地區分了民族主義作為principle, sentiment and movement.Xxvii nationalism is primarily a political principle, which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent. Nationalism as a sentiment, or as a movement, can best be defined in terms of this principle. Nationalism is the feeling of anger aroused by the violation of the principle, or the feeling of satisfaction aroused by its fulfilment. A nationalist movement is one actuated by a sentiment of this kind. 那麼這種根本的principle是什麼呢?就是state 和nation之間的張力.作者認為,在傳統的農業社會,人的身份是結構性地決定的（structure）,人必須在自己的社會環境中生存.而在工業社會,人的流動性和識字率增加（occupational change and mobility---context-free communication）,人的身份是文化決定的（culture）. 在這種大背景下,文化要求同質的統一的狀態： Gellner insisted that industrialization required or entailed cultural homogenization based on literacy in a standardized vernacular language conveyed by means of state-supported mass education.（ Xxxiv）但是工業發展本身又是不均衡的（ industrialization spreads unevenly）.如此,基於工業化的文化差異最終導致民族主義（not homogeneity but differentiation leads to nationalism）.簡單地說似乎就是state（社會和經濟機制）與nation（文化）的不重合吧. Gellner的具體論述中有很多重要且有趣的地方,如對nationalism and ideology關係的論述,high culture/low culture問題,social entropy, 以及民族主義的未來等等.尚需仔細看. Gellner承認自己是功能主義的方法,但是認為有positive functionalism.Weber從宗教倫理（文化）出發解釋資本主義的出現,Gellner從經濟模式出發解釋民族主義的出現.雖然二人看起來採用相反的立場,實際上二人都在explain,但是同時又都非常有意識地避免determine,causal relation這樣的論述,而是具體地剖析社會條件與現象之間的可能聯繫,也許這就是好的研究所能做的吧. Gellner與馬克思的聯繫似乎很費解,他自己批評馬克思主義的簡化,但是卻似乎完全從經濟模式出發.他說工業化要求同質的文化,這很像Wallerstein所說資本主義需要同質化的市場. 無論如何,他們的研究都是很有啟發性的.