Green management measures such as certified environmental management systems (EMS) or tools like life cycle assessment activities are considered to improve corporate environmental performance directly by mandating companies to introduce environ-menta

Green management measures such as certified environmental management systems (EMS) or tools like life cycle assessment activities are considered to improve corporate environmental performance directly by mandating companies to introduce environ-menta
Green management measures such as certified environmental management systems
(EMS) or tools like life cycle assessment activities are considered to improve corporate
environmental performance directly by mandating companies to introduce environ-
mental goals and management structures as well as programs to achieve them
(Coglianese and Nash,2001; Johnstone,2001) and indirectly by inducing organizational
learning and providing critical environmental information (Melnyk et al.,2003).Some
econometric studies analyzing this hypothesis actually find a positive impact.For ex-
ample,Potoski and Prakash (2005) show that facilities which are certified according to
the EMS standard ISO 14001,developed by the non-governmental “International Or-
ganization for Standardization” (ISO),reduce more pollution emissions than non-
certified ones.Furthermore,Ziegler and Rennings (2004) and Rehfeld et al.(2006) find
a positive effect of green management measures on green technology,i.e.,future envi-
ronmental product or process innovations.In contrast,Dahlstrom et al.(2003) fail to
show that the ISO 14001 certification improves the compliance with environmental
regulations.Furthermore,Lenox and Nash (2003) point to adverse selection problems of
voluntary environmental programs (looking at the U.S.chemicals industry’s Responsi-
ble Care program) since in their study dirtier firms were more attracted to them.
We attribute this lack of clear-cut results in studies that regress corporate environmental
performance on green management to endogeneity problems.We argue that the corre-
sponding parameter estimates could be biased and inconsistent due to structural reverse
causality and/or unobserved firm heterogeneity (as a specific type of omitted variables).
Structural reverse causality occurs if the direction of causality between green manage-
ment and environmental performance is not clear.For example,the certification of EMS
according to ISO 14001 or the EU EMAS (Environmental Management and Auditing
Scheme) standard could facilitate the realization of technological environmental innova-
tions.However,these certifications could also be more attractive for already environ-
mentally innovative firms.Unobserved firm heterogeneity arises if unobserved firm
characteristics simultaneously influence green management and environmental per-
formance.

Green management measures such as certified environmental management systems (EMS) or tools like life cycle assessment activities are considered to improve corporate environmental performance directly by mandating companies to introduce environ-menta
环保管理措施,如认证的环境管理系统
（ EMS ）的或工具,如生命周期评估活动被认为是改善企业管
环境绩效的直接授权公司引入环境
心理的目标和管理结构以及程序实现这些目标
（格里安内斯和纳什,2001年;约翰斯通,2001年）和间接诱导组织
学习和提供关键环境信息（ melnyk等人,2003年） .一些
计量经济研究的分析,这一假说,其实找到一个积极的影响.特惠
充裕的,potoski和普拉卡什（ 2005 ）表明,设施,这是认证据
环境管理体系标准ISO 14001系列标准,制定了由非政府的“国际或-
ganization标准化“ （标准化组织） ,减少更多的污染排放量高于非
认证.此外,齐格勒和rennings （ 2004年）和rehfeld等人.（ 2006年）找到
一个积极的影响,环保管理措施,绿色技术,即未来环境的
ronmental产品或工序的创新.在相比之下,dahlstrom等人.（ 2003 ）不
表明,该ISO 14001认证,提高了遵守环境
规例.此外,lenox和纳什（ 2003 ）点,以逆向选择的问题
自愿环境计划（看美国化学工业的responsi -
连接护理程序） ,因为在他们的研究肮脏公司更吸引他们.我们的属性,这缺乏旗帜鲜明的结果,在研究企业环境倒退
表现对环保管理的内生性来的问题.我们认为,相应的
sponding参数估计可能有偏见和不一致的,由于结构扭转
因果关系和/或观察到坚定的异质性（作为一种特定类型的省略变量） .
结构扭转的因果关系,就会发生方向之间的因果关系绿色管理
ment和环境方面的表现并不明确.举例来说,环境管理体系认证
根据ISO 14001系列标准或欧盟黄金（环境管理和审计
计划）的标准,可以促进实现技术创新的环境-
筹措.不过,这些认证也可以吸引更多来自环境
弱智创新的公司.观察到坚定的异质性出现,如果观察到坚定
特色,同时影响力的环保管理和环境方面的表现.