英语各种时态的结构

英语各种时态的结构
英语各种时态的结构

英语各种时态的结构
一般现在时 陈述句：主语+动词原形

时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。
1. 一般现在时
用法：
A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。
B) 习惯用语。
C) 经常性、习惯...

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时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。
1. 一般现在时
用法：
A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。
B) 习惯用语。
C) 经常性、习惯性动作。
例：He always helps others. （他总是帮助别人。）
D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。
E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 ）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。
例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
（下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。）
How often does this shuttle bus run? （这班车多久一趟？）
F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事 情。
例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.（等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。）
2. 现在进行时(be doing)
用法：现在正在进行的动作。
3. 现在完成时(have done)
用法：
A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。
例：I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell
答案是C) haven't sold。
B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。
例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A) are to challenge C) have been challenged
B) may be challenged D) are challenging
全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态，不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态，但意思与全句内容不合，所以不对。
C) 表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。
例：John has broken his left leg.（约翰摔断了左腿。）
注意事项
A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。
例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。）
He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，现在仍在那家医院工作。）
B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。
例：My sister has been married for 5 years.（过去分词做表语表示状态，可以延续）
My sister has married. Don't disturb her.（终端动词）
C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成时。
例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.（这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。）
D) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。
例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.（从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。）
E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中，主句要求完成时。
例：I haven't met that professor prior to today.（以前我从未见过那位教授。）
4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)
用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。
例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。）
注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。
例：1997年6月四级第45题
It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A) had leaked B) is leaking
C) leaked D) has been leaking
从本题上下文看，这两个句子的意思是：“看来，这个管道漏油已有一段时间了，我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前，并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此，空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时，因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time，表示谓语动作延续，谓语不能用现在进行时，必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时，所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。
5. 一般过去时
用法：
A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的 就是过去时。
例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。）
He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。）
C) 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。
例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?（我想向您借车用一用，可以吗？）
Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在这里吗？）
注意事项：
A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。
B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。
Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或过去曾经"，要求加动词原形；后者表示"习惯于"，要求加名词或动名词。
6. 过去完成时(had done)
用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。
Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.
A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard
全句的意思是：“到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中：A) didn't hear，因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasn't been hearing，现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作，与题意不符。C) hasn't heard，现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻，不能表示现在时间。
注意事项：“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。
例：There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.（刚才有人在我们的房间里，因为我们打开前门进来时，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。）
分析：虽然时间状语是just now，似乎应该使用一般过去时，但是“在房间里”这个状态是在"开门"和"注意"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，所以应该用过去完成时。
7. 过去将来时(would/ should do)
用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。
例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.（我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。）
注意事项：由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的，所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。
8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)
用法：
A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。
例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。）
B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。
例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前门时我正在洗头发。）
注意事项：其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时。
9. 一般将来时
用法：
A) 基本结构是will / shall do。
例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.（我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。）
B) 有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。
例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.（我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月。）
C) 表示“打算去……，要……”时，可用be going to do。
例：This is just what I am going to say.（这正是我想说的。）
D) 表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。
例：Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.（别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。）
E) "be to do"的5种用法：
a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。
例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。）
b) 该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。
例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.（孩子们，你们必须 上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。）
c) 能或不能发生的事情（接近can, may）
例：How am I to pay such a debt?（我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢？）
d) 不可避免将要发生的事情，后来将要发生的事情。
例：I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.
A. will be attended B. will be attended to
C. is attended D. is attended to
will be attended to关键的一点是：attend表示“处理，解决”时是不及物动词，必须与to连用。另外，从上下文看，事情显然尚未解决，所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。
e) 用于条件从句“如果……想，设想”（接近if ……want to,或if ……should）
例：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.
A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been
答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是：“如果要避免食品短缺，就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。”
F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。
例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.（教练想要放弃这场比赛了，因为对方已经射进了7个球。）
例：1999年6月四级第65题
I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
A) in B) to C) at D) on
答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组，意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是：“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。”
注意事项：
在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词（immediately, the moment, directly）等引导的状语从句，一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。
例：I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.（我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。）
10. 将来进行时(will be doing)
用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。
例：Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。）
注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可参考"一般将来时"和"现在进行时"的有关注意事项。
11. 将来完成时(will have done)
用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。
例：1997年1月四级第22题
The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.
A) must have lasted B) will have lasted
C) would last D) has lasted
本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是：“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻，因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A)，因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测，而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended，所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性，但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时，表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以也不正确。
注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。
12)将来完成进行时：shall have been doing ，will have been doing
例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. （到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）（被动语态）
13)过去完成进行时：had been doing
例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.（我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。）（此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。）（被动语态）
14) 过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing
例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。）（此句为被动语态）
15) 过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done
例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。）（此句为被动语态）
16) 过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing
例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. （他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3了。）

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一般现在时
含义：表示经常发生或习惯性的动作。
汉语线索：经常，总是，通常，每天，每周六，
构成：动词原形（do)和动词第三人称单数（does 三单）
助动词： do / does(用does,动词还原为原形）
例句：
1.I always get up at six o'clock.
2.They often go to school a...

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一般现在时
含义：表示经常发生或习惯性的动作。
汉语线索：经常，总是，通常，每天，每周六，
构成：动词原形（do)和动词第三人称单数（does 三单）
助动词： do / does(用does,动词还原为原形）
例句：
1.I always get up at six o'clock.
2.They often go to school at 7 sharp.
3.You usually go home by bus every day.
4.We have no class on Saturday.
5.He always reads English in the morning.
6.She often goes to school early.
7.It usually rains in summer here.
8.My father has a holiday every weekend.
9.Do you always go to see your parents?
10.Does he often watch the Tv news after supper?
11.You don't often do your homework.
12.He doesn't know much about English.
13.When do you usually go over your lessons?
14.Where does he come from?
二.现在将来时：
含义：表示将要发生而未发生的动作。
汉语线索：将要，即将，就要，将，明天，下周一，明年
构成：will/shall + do (动词原形）
助动词：will/shall
例句：
1.I will come back in a minute.
2.He will study abroad next year.
3.They will give you help when you get there.
4.We will have a PE test on the coming Monday.
5.Will you have a dinner with me this eveving?
6.Will they go out for an outing tomorrow?
7.He will not have supper at home the day after tomorrow.
8.They won't have any classestomorrow morning.
9.When will you give me a call？
10.Where will you go after school?
11.Shall we take a picture together?
12.Shall I call him back?
三.现在进行时：
含义：表示目前正在进行的动作。
汉语线索：在，正在，正，现在，眼下，目前
构成：be + doing (现在分词）
助动词： be ( am, is, are )
例句：
1.I am writing a letter to my parents.
2.He is making a phone call to his friend.
3.They are having a good time at the party.
4.We are swimming in the swimming pool.
5.Are they watching the cartoons on TV?
6.Is she dancing with the handsome boy?
7.They are not listeningto English,but some music.
8.She is not cooking in the kitchen.
9.What are you doing there?
10.Where is he buying the ice-cream?
四.现在完成时：
含义：到目前为止，已经或曾经做过的动作。
汉语线索：已经，曾经，还没有，过，...年了，自从
构成：have/has + done (过去分词）
助动词：have/has
例句：
1.I have already learned English for 4 years.
2.You have ever talked with him. You know his idea quite well.
3.He has already lived there since 1989.
4.She has ever told you to attend the meeting.
5.Have you visited the Great Wall yet?
6.Has he ever borrowed any money from you?
7.I have not seen him yet.I can't give him the letter.
8.She has not got this information yet.
9.Where have you got those flowers?
10.How long has he worked in the company?
五.一般过去时：
含义：发生在过去时间里的动作。
汉语线索：刚刚，刚才，十分钟前，昨天，上周三
构成：动词过去式（+ed)
助动词：did(用了 did,动词要还原为原型）
例句：
1.I played football with them just now.
2.He gave me a phone call a moment ago.
3.They had a meeting ten minutes ago.
4.We went to the park yesterday afternoon.
5.Did you tell him what to do last Monday?
6.Did they give you any tips before the test?
7.The boy did not go to school yesterday.He was ill at home.
8.She didn't have breakfast this morning.
9.Where did you meet this boy?
10.When did he have a chat on line with the stranger?
六.过去将来时：
含义：多用在主从复合句中，表示到过去某个时刻为止，即将发生而未发生的动作。
汉语线索：将，即将，就要，计划，打算，准备
构成： would + do (动词原形）
助动词： would
例句：
1.I said that we would have an English exam the next Tuesday.
2.She told me that she would have a travel to France during the next summer vacation.
3.He wondered whether he would marry to Rose who used to be his classmate in the school.
4.They didn't know when they would have a test on math.
5.I wanted to know where they would have a match with the students of Class 3.
6.I knew it clearly that they would have a new start on the project.
7.Some Americans didn't understand why they would choose Obama as their new president.
8.The spokesman told the media that China would send its navy force to protect the ships on the public sea.
七.过去进行时:
含义：多用于主从复合句中，表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
汉语线索：（过去某一时刻）正在，正，在
构成：be (was,were) + doing (现在分词）
助动词：be (was,were)
例句：
1.I said that I was watching a football game.
2.He told me that he was taking a shower.
3.My mother asked me if I was playing the video games on the computer.
4.She wanted to know what the children were doing in the room.
5.What were you doing when you saw your teacher coming over?
6.I was not listening to the teacher when the teacher called my name.
7.They were not working when their manager inspected.
8.She was studying at school when her mother died ten months ago.
八.过去完成时：
含义：多用于主从复合句中，表示到过去某一时刻已经完成或曾经做过的动词。
汉语线索：（到过去某时刻为止）已经，曾经，过
构成： had + done(过去分词）
助动词：had
例句：
1.We had already learned 2,000 words by the end of last term.
2.They had ever visited the Palace Museum twice before they read this article last Wednesday.
3.He told me that he had already had a talk about his job with his department manager.
4.She asked me whether I had met my teacher and discussed my problem with him.
5.They told me that they had finished half of the work last Sunday and had been ready for the left.
6.His mother had given him some advice before the accident,but he refused to listen.
九.现在将来进行时：
含义：表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。
汉语线索：明年这个时候，十年后的今天，三天后的此时
构成：will be + doing (现在分词）
助动词：will
例句：
1.We will be having a holiday this time next year.
2.You will be enjoying yourself when you get there.
3.My grandma will be talking ,talking,and talking about her past when I stay with her.
4.It will be raining in the coming summer, and again,we will have flood like usual.
十.现在完成进行时：
含义：表示到目前为止已经做了而且还在继续进行的动作。
汉语线索：已经...而且还在...
构成：have/has been + doing (现在分词）
助动词：have/has

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