状语从句、定语从句状语从句和定语从句把我搞糊涂了,越详细越好,能给我解释清楚,

状语从句、定语从句状语从句和定语从句把我搞糊涂了,越详细越好,能给我解释清楚,
状语从句、定语从句
状语从句和定语从句把我搞糊涂了,越详细越好,能给我解释清楚,

状语从句、定语从句状语从句和定语从句把我搞糊涂了,越详细越好,能给我解释清楚,
状语从句
状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当,来修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等.状语从句
都由从属连词引导,与主句连接,放在句末时,一般不在前面加逗号.
状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间,原因,条件,比较,结果,目的等类.下面我们拣重点
的一个一个来分析.
时间状语从句：是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等从
属连词引导的状语从句.
时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时,只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或
存在的状态.
如:I will call you as soon as I arrive there.
原因状语从句： because, since, as和for都表示原因.常常令我们不知该用哪个好.我们来
比较一下.
because语势最强,回答why提出的问题,用来说明人所不知的原因.当能够很明显的看出原因
或人们已知原因,就用as或since.
如：I don't like that coat,because the color looks terrible.
由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替.但如果不是说明直
接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for.
如：He is not here, because / for his mother is ill.
目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导.如：
You must raise your voice so that/in order that everybody can hear you clearly.
结果状语从句：结果状语从句常由so...that 或 such...that引导,要掌握和区分这两个句型,
首先要了解so和such后面分别跟什么词.such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修
饰形容词或副词.so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配.
如：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
让步状语从句：是由though, although 引导的状语从句.
though, although 和 but不能同时使用.
Although it rained, they had a good time.
定语从句
内容提要
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种.状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句.名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型.
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略.而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处.
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反.
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了.
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
三、定语从句结构错误
1. 缺关系词
2. 从句中缺成分

状语从句：
用一个句子（从句）来作另一个句子（主句）的状语，用作状语的句子就叫作状语从句。作什么样的状语就叫什么类型的状语从句。例如：条件状语从句就是用一个句子来作条件状语。
状语从句的分类：
（1）时间状语从句
凡是从句都必须有引导词，引导时间状语从句的词有when，before，after，until，as soon as，while 等。
（...

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状语从句：
用一个句子（从句）来作另一个句子（主句）的状语，用作状语的句子就叫作状语从句。作什么样的状语就叫什么类型的状语从句。例如：条件状语从句就是用一个句子来作条件状语。
状语从句的分类：
（1）时间状语从句
凡是从句都必须有引导词，引导时间状语从句的词有when，before，after，until，as soon as，while 等。
（2）条件状语从句
主要看一下由if引导的条件状语从句。if 意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句时，表示假如有从句的动作发生就（不）会有主句的动作发生。例如：
If it doesn't rain tomorrow，we will go there by bike.如果明天不下雨，我们就骑自行车去那里。
If I get there early，I can see the doctor quickly.如果我早早地到那里，我就可以快点看病。
3）地点状语从句用法要点
常用where（哪里）和wherever（无论哪里）eg.
Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。
We will go wherever the motherland need us most. 我们要到祖国最需要的地方去。
（4）原因状语从句用法要点
常用的引导连词有because，as和since，三者的区别是：在回答问题的时候，使用because；对于显而易见的原因，常用as或since；as和since的从句常放在主句之前，而because的从句常放在主句之后。eg.
Why did you go？ I went because Tom told me to go. 你为何去？那是因为汤姆叫我去。
He was angry not because we were late but because we made a noise.
他很生气不是因为我们来迟了，而是因为我们弄出了声音。
As it was raining hard，we had to be indoors. 由于雨太大，我们只好呆在家里。
Since you feel ill，you'd better not go to work. 既然你感觉不舒服，你最好不要去上班了。
（5）目的状语从句用法要点
常用的引导连词有so that，that和in order that译为：以便，为了，目的是。eg.
Please speak more slowly so that we can make full notes. 请讲慢一点，以便我们能作详细笔记。
I shall write down your address that I may not forget. 我要把你的地址记下来，以免忘记。
I sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach him in time. 这封信我以航空信发出，以便他能及时收到。
注：目的状语从句可以用动词不定式来替换做目的状语。eg.
We work harder than usual finish it in a week. 我们比平常加倍努力工作以在一周内完成工作。
三、主句与从句时态一致的问题。
在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分下列两种情况：
1. 若主句是祈使句，或主句中有情态动词，或主句中谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时。例如：
Be careful when you cross the road. 过马路时要小心。
Put up your hand if you have any questions to ask. 如果你们有问题要问的话，请举手。
The traffic must stop when the lights are red. 红灯亮时，车辆必须停下。
2. 若主从句谓语动词都是陈述过去，那么主从句都可以用一般过去时。例如：
She could sing when she was four years old. 她四岁的时候就会唱歌。


定语从句
●关系词的意义及作用
定语从句是中学阶段英语语法中十分重要的一个语法项目。它在句子中出现的频率很高。对正确理解句子的意义起着举足轻重的作用。定语从句分为：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词后面，所以如果在名词或代词后面出现一个从句，根据它与前面名词或代词的逻辑关系来判断是否是定语从句。
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”。引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。关系词有两个作用：
一、引导定语从句。
二、代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。
理解和牢记这两条概念，弄清楚关系词在定语从句充当什么成分，是掌握定语从句的关键。
●关系词的选用与判断
在前一节中我们讲到正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选择完全取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的什么成分。关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。
关系词 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 说 明
that 人/物 人/物 √ × √ 不能用于非限定性从句
which 物 物 × × √
who 人 × × × ×
whom × 人 × × ×
whose × × × 人/物 ×
when × × × × √
where × × × × √
why × × × × √
as 主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as, the same…as, as…as,结构中。
二、关系词的选用
1.先行词为all,everything,nothing等不定代词，代替物时，定语从句that用引导。
注：something后一般用which。
Is there anything that you want to explain?
In 1898 they declared that they believed there was something in
nature which gave out radiation.
2.先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或only,very,none,no,little,few,much等修饰时定语从句用that引导。
This is the only reason that I can say.
This is the first step that can be taken.
It is the best one that you may choose.
3.way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况：a.在比较正式的文体中用in which；b.一般情况下用that；c.in
which和that省去。
a.I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.
It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in
which these words were said.
b.Lincoin asked the people to think of slavery in the way that
these men did.
Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you
and criticizing you.
c.That’s the way I looked at it.
The assistant who served her did not like the way she was
dressed.
4.先行词是表示地点的名词时（country,school,room…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
The room where(=in which)he used to live has now been turned into
a museum.
The desk where(=on which)I put my bag is his.
This is the school where(=in which)I joined the Party.
关系词的选用与判断（续）
5.先行词是表示时间的名词（year,month,day,night…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
在掌握第4、第5条时应特别注意：介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请分析下面两个句子。
①那就是他工作的大学。
┏ at which he works.
┣ which he works at.
That is the college ┣ where he works.
┣ that he works at.
┗ he works at.
②它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。
┏ on which he was born
┣ which he was born on
The day ┣ when he was born was Aug.20,1952.
┣ that he was born on
┗ he was born on
6.
除了第4、第5条中when，where可以用介词＋关系词这种用法外。还有其他情况也可以用这种结构。即：介词＋which。或介词＋whom。请看下面例句：
This is the classmate with whom I’ll go to the cinema.
The subject in which I’m most interested is English.
We can see the method by which the computer works.
在这种结构中，介词与先行词组成短语，在从句中充当句子成分，因此介词的选用时受到一定限制的，仍然根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
三、关于as引导定语从句的问题
as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the same…as，such…as，as…as的结构中。
1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。
He married the girl，as(which)was natural.
He seemed a freigner,as(which)in fact he was.
不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。
As was natural, he married the girl.
2.在the same…as,such…as,as…as结构中，same,such,as之后应是名词或形容词＋名词。
We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.
Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words
as a dog does.
We hope to get such a tool as he is using.
这三种结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。以上三句分别可以改写成：
We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.
Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words
which a dog understands.
We hope to get the tool which he is using.
3.the same…as与the
same…that引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。是比较：
This is the same watch as I lost.
这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只）
This is the same watch that I lost.
这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）
●注意事项
1.一般说来，除了用定语从句解释名词或泛指外，先行词前应有定冠词the。
2.在限制性定语从句中which,whom,that充当宾语时，可以省略。而在非限制性定语从句中whom,who,which不能省略。
3.在含有非限制性定语从句的复合句中从句与主句之间应该用逗号隔开。
4.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。首先看引导从句的关系词that是否在从句中充当句子成分。如果在从句中充当主、宾、表，则是定语从句。再看that前的名词是否是一些需要有内容的名词，如：idea,fact,thought,news等。后面的从句是说明其内容的，（这个名词在后面的从句中部充当任何成分），这个从句则是同位语从句。
He expressed the hope that he has had for many years.
hope在从句中不充当句子成分，又加上后面从句是说明hope的内容的，因此时同位语从句。
5.the reason why(=for which)是由why或for which引导的定语从句。而the reason
that也是that引导的定语从句。that往往省略。
This is the reason why he was late. =This is the reason (that)he
was late.
6.当主句中有who,which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which时，为了避免who…who,which…which等重叠，定语从句用that引导。
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?
7.先行词为人和物作并列成分时，定语从句用that引导。
John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.
8.不论人或物在定语从句中作表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that通常省掉。
He is no longer the man that he was.
9.“one of＋可数名词复数”引导的定语从句中,谓语动词应用复数；而“one of＋可数名词复数”前有the，only或the
only修饰，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。
He is one of the students who study very hard at school.
He is the(only/the only) one of the students who studies very hard
at school.

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要分清这两种从句，注意一点，那就是状语从句是一个分句在主句中作状语，例如时间状语，地点状语，原因状语等，而定语从句前面必有先行词，从句作定语来修饰先行词的，一般翻译成 （.....的）。

定语从句与状语从句的区别十分简单,简言之,就是状语从句修饰的是谓语,定语从句修饰的是主语和宾语.
定语从句
antecedent(先行词)+relative pronoun/relative adverb + relative clause
名词/代词
Eg. These are the rules which help to make the road...

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定语从句与状语从句的区别十分简单,简言之,就是状语从句修饰的是谓语,定语从句修饰的是主语和宾语.
定语从句
antecedent(先行词)+relative pronoun/relative adverb + relative clause
名词/代词
Eg. These are the rules which help to make the roads safe.
Three functions of the relative pronouns or adverbs:
1引导定语从句2指代先行词3在从句中担当一定的成分
关系代词充当主语或宾语; 关系副词充当状语
关系代词充当宾语时关系代词可省略;主语时不可省
Eg.These are the rules which help to make the roads safe.
which在从句中充当主语
She is the girl (who/whom/that) I met the other day.
(who/whom/that)在从句中充当宾语
关系代词的选择规则
1．由先行词决定：
先行词是物 which that
先行词是人 who whom that whose
2. 由关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分决定：
Which that who 主语
Which that whom 宾语
whose (of which / of whom) 定语
关系副词
关系副词=介词+which; 充当时间,地点和原因状语
when=on, in, at …+ which
where=on, in, at …+ which
why=for + which
e.g. He went back to the hotel where he stayed.
= He went back to the hotel at which he stayed.
= He went back to the hotel (which) he stayed at.
Compare the following sentences:
I'll never forget the day when/on which you jumped into the water to save me.定语从句缺状语
I will never forget the days which / that we spent together last summer.定语从句缺宾语
关系代词与关系副词的区别
在定语从句中充当的成分不同:
关系代词充当主语或宾语
关系副词充当状语
介词+关系代词:
紧跟在介词后的关系代词的选择:
先行词指物which先行词指人whom
介词的选择:
与先行词的搭配
Eg. The bed is the one in which he slept.
= The bed is the one (which) he slept in.
与定语从句中不及物动词的搭配
Eg. Who is the man with whom you shook hands just now?
= Who is the man (whom )you shook hands with just now?
两种类型的定语从句:
1限定性定语从句:She has two sons who are soldiers.她有两个当兵的儿子.(或许她有不止两个儿子)
2非限定性定语从句:She has two sons, who are soldiers.她有两个儿子, 他们都是当兵的. (她只有两儿子)
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别:
限定性定语:和先行词关系密切(删掉后影响整个意思的表达),不用逗号隔开,可用关系代词that,关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以省略,关系代词可以替代,读时不停顿,只修饰先行词
非限定性定语:和先行词关系不密切(是一种补充说明删掉后不影响整个意思的表达),一般使用逗号隔开,不可用关系代词that,关系代词不可以省略,关系代词不可以替代,读时停顿、用降调,可修饰主句或主句一部分
关系代词的选择
which & that
which 和that 都可替代先行词指物,在限定性定语从句中充当主语或宾语,可以互相替换.但是在一些特定的情况下两者不能替换.
只能用that 的情况:
先行词是形容词最高级或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时
先行词是个序数词或者它的前面有一个序数词时
先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, nothing, none, the one 等代词时
先行词前有only, any, few, little, much, no, all, the very 等词修饰时
先行词既有人又有物时,用that
主句是There be开头的句子且先行词是物时,用that
主句已有疑问词who或which时
有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个则用that
只可用which的情况:
在非限定性定语从句中,先行是物,关系代词只能用which
关系代词前有介词时
如果先行词是整个主句,关系代词指代整个句子时
有两个定语从句,其中一句的关系代词是that,为了避免重复,另一句则用which引导
who or that:
先行词是人，且从句缺主语时，关系代词既可是who也可是that,在下列情况下只能用who:
先行词是one, ones, anyone, those ，she, he, they时
如果一个句子有两个定语从句,其中一个由that引导,那么为了避免重复,另一个句子则由who引导
There be 开头的句子中,先行词指人时
先行词有较长的后置定语时
as 引导定语从句:
as可以代替which 指代整个主句, 但置于句首时通常用as而不用which
Eg. As is known to all, to relax ourselves is important.
such… as… “像…一样的” “像…之类的”
the same… as… “和…同样的”
定语从句中需注意的事项:
1定语从句的时态不受主句时态的限制
2先确定关系代词(既先行词)的人称和数,从而确定定语从句中谓语动词的单复数
one of + n. (pl.) + 关系代词 + v.(复数)
the (only) one of + n. (pl.) +关系代词 + v.(单数)
Eg.1) He is one of the boys who like basketball.
2) He is the only one of the boys who likes basketball.
限定性定语从句中，关系代词的省略
1．关系代词在从句中担当宾语时
Eg. The TV program (which/that) I like best is cartoon.
2．关系代词在从句中做介词的宾语，且介词在句尾
Eg. 1) This is the school (which/that) I study in.
2) He is the person (whom/that) I am looking for.
先行词是the way“方式”，在从句中充当方式状语时
This is the way(that/ in which)he studies English.
6. the same + n. + as
the same + n. + that
She is wearing the same coat as you wore yesterday.同一款式的大衣,但不是同一件
This is the same wallet that I lost yesterday.就是同一只钱包
状语从句
1.状语从句按其意义和作用可分为:
a)时间状语从句
b)地点状语从句
c)原因状语从句
d)目的状语从句
e)结果状语从句
f)条件状语从句
g)方式状语从句
h)比较状语从句
i)让步状语从句
2.时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词有：when, while, as, whenever, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, once, hardly…when, no sooner…than等引导。如：
When he was still a young man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons.
注意：
a)when, as, while
i.when即可引导持续性动作，又可引导短暂性动作。它可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。如：
When I was a boy, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.（同时）
When the lesson was over, we began our writing.（从句动作在前）
ii.as引导持续性动作，侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生。
He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
I saw your sister as she was getting on the bus yesterday.
He sang as he walked.
iii.While：指的是“在某一时间里”， “在……期间”，从句里的动作必须是持续性的，它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。如：
While he was in London, he studied music.
While we were watching TV, he was writing a composition.
while也可做并列连词，表示对照的含义，意思为“而”。如：
He is tall while his brother is short.
当when, as, while表示“在…一段时间里”，主从句的动作同时发生时，可以换用。如：While (When或As) we were discussing, Mr. Smith came in.
b)如果when和before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时不能译成“当…时候” 和“在…之前”，而要译成“就”、“才”、“这时”等。如：
The struggle lasted four years before the North won in the end.
He almost knocked me down before he saw me.
She had not been married many weeks when the man saw her and was struck by her beauty.
I was walking in the street when I saw him.
c)by the time, each time, every time, immediately, the moment, the instant, the minute, soon after, shortly after都可以作为连词，引导时间状语。如：
By the time he was fourteen, he had taught himself advanced mathematics.
Each time he came, he would call on me.
You must show him in immediately he comes.
I recognized him the moment I saw him.
d)by the time 的用法
i.by the time+现在时，主句用将来完成时．例如：
By the time he arrives, we will already have left California.
ii.by the time+一般过去时，主句用过去完成时．例如：
By the time he arrived, we had already left California.
e)till和until
i.如果主句谓语动词是持续动词，通常用肯定式的主句，表示“直到…为止”。如：
I worked till (until) he came back.
ii.如果主句谓语动词是瞬间动词，则用否定式的主句表示“直到……才”。如：
I didn’t go to bed until (till) he came back.
iii.放在句首表示强调时一般用until。如：
Until he returns, nothing can be done.
注意：
Not until his mother called did he get up.
(不倒装为He didn’t get up until his mother called.)
It was not until his mother called that he got up.
(not until的强调结构为it is/was not until…that…)
f)before 的句型：
i.It won’t be long before sb. does sth. 不用多久某人就会……
ii.It will be long before sb. does 要过很久某人才会……
iii.It was long before sb. did sth. 过很久某人才做……
iv.It will be + 一段时间+ before sb. does 某人要过多长时间才做
v.It was +一段时间 + before sb. did sth. 某人过了多长时间才做
g)用no sooner …than 和 hardly…when 引导的从句表示“刚……就……”，主句中的动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时若把no sooner, hardly 提到句首，主句倒装例如：
He had no sooner got to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.
(该句倒装为：No sooner had he got to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.)
h)时间状语从句中谓语动词不能用任何一种将来时，只能用现在时和过去时表示将来时。
3.地点状语从句:
通常由连词where和wherever等引导。如：
Go back where you came from.
Wherever you go, you must write to your parents.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Where there is too much, the poison and waste may do great harm to the things around us.
4.原因状语从句:
通常由连词：because, as, since, now that引导。
a)区别是:
because：表示“因为”，直接而明确的原因和理由，语气最强，why提问的句子，一般都用because回答。
He didn’t come because he was ill.
since：表示“既然”，语气比because弱。
Since you are here, you must do it.
as：表示“因为”语气比because轻，引导从句可放主句前也可放主句后。
You needn’t go with me, as you are busy.
As I