英语翻译If superior creatures from space ever visit earth,the first question they will ask,in order to assess the level of our civilization is:‘‘Have they discovered evolution yet?’’The fact that modern biology relies on the Darwin’s th

英语翻译If superior creatures from space ever visit earth,the first question they will ask,in order to assess the level of our civilization is:‘‘Have they discovered evolution yet?’’The fact that modern biology relies on the Darwin’s th
英语翻译
If superior creatures from space ever visit earth,the first question they will ask,in order to assess the level of our civilization is:‘‘Have they discovered evolution yet?’’
The fact that modern biology relies on the Darwin’s theory leaves little space for debating this question at the scientific level.Thus,the practical follow-up question is ‘‘Have they discovered how to use evolution as a tool?’’ The collection of papers in this special issue of Metabolic Engineering provide a compelling case that the answer to question is a resounding ‘‘yes’’ and that evolutionary engineering is an established tool that continues to develop both technically and in the breadth of its application.
Evolution through adaptation and natural selection is an iterative process of genetic diversification and functional selection.It is nature’s design algorithm,and it is believed that all natural biological structures were ‘‘designed’’ through this process so that they would best ‘‘fit’’ in certain conditions.Evolutionary engineering is simply the application of this first principle of biological design and involves controlling all aspects of the genetic diversification and functional selection of biological systems in the lab.A given system,for example,a gene encoding an enzyme,and a desired engineering performance goal,such as catalytic turnover,are identified.The gene encoding the enzyme is then diversified by any of a variety of techniques.The resulting ‘‘gene library’’ is then screened for those genes that encode new versions of the enzyme having the desired improvements in catalytic performance.This process is iterated as required until a final performance or economic criterion has been met.The application of evolutionary engineering will almost always result in new systems that have improved performance under the screening conditions.However,the true success of this approach requires the engineer to clearly understand the important performance criteria,to correctly choose the gene(s) responsible for controlling this criteria,to design a high-throughput screen that truly measures the desired performance criteria such that identified ‘‘hits’’ perform as originally envisioned (i.e.,under scaled-up industrial conditions),and then to implement the evolutionary algorithm using best practices.The success of evolutionary engineering in the academic and industrial literature emphasizes the robust nature of this approach and its general importance to biosystems engineering.The papers in this issue provide further examples of this importance and illustrate how the technology can be used to successfully address the technical challenges of metabolic engineering.

英语翻译If superior creatures from space ever visit earth,the first question they will ask,in order to assess the level of our civilization is:‘‘Have they discovered evolution yet?’’The fact that modern biology relies on the Darwin’s th
如果上级的动物,从太空以往任何时候都访问地球,第一个问题,他们会问,为了评估的水平,我们的文明是：''有他们发现的演变,但吗?
事实上,现代生物学依赖于达尔文的理论,叶片小的空间,辩论这个问题时的科学水平.因此,实际的后续行动的问题是,''他们发现如何使用的演变作为一种工具吗?收集的文件,在这个特殊的问题,代谢工程提供一个令人信服的理由认为,在回答问题是一个响亮的''是''和进化工程是既定的工具,继续发展双方在技术上和在广度及其应用.
通过适应进化和自然选择是一个迭代过程的遗传多样化和功能的选择.这是大自然的设计算法,并相信所有的自然生物结构''设计''通过这一进程,使他们的最佳''适合''在一定的条件.进化工程是简单的应用,这第一项原则,对生物的设计和控制,涉及各方面的遗传多样化和功能的选择生物系统在实验室中.一个给定系统,例如,一个基因编码一种酶,一个理想的工程性能目标,如催化的营业额,是确定的.该基因编码的酶,然后是多元化的任何一个的各种技巧.由此产生的''基因文库'' ,然后进行筛选,这些基因编码的新版本的酶有理想的改善催化性能.这个过程是迭代的要求,直到最后的表现或经济标准已经达到.应用进化工程将几乎总是带来新的系统有更好的性能,根据筛选条件.不过,真正的成功,这种做法需要工程师,清醒地认识到重要的业绩标准,正确选择基因（ ）负责控制这个标准,设计了高通量筛选,真正的措施,预期的业绩标准,如查明''安打''履行原先所设想的（即,根据规模的工业条件） ,然后执行进化算法使用的最佳做法.成功进化工程,在学术研究和工业文学强调强劲的性质,这种做法和它的一般的重要性,以生物系统工程.文件在这个问题上进一步提供这方面的例子的重要性,并说明如何技术可以用来成功地解决面临的技术挑战的代谢工程.