英语翻译ConclusionThe spread of resistance genes has occurred independently in all treated areas,and in the regions where detailed monitoring was conducted (e.g.,southern France,Catalonia,north-eastern Italy and California),it was observed that r

英语翻译ConclusionThe spread of resistance genes has occurred independently in all treated areas,and in the regions where detailed monitoring was conducted (e.g.,southern France,Catalonia,north-eastern Italy and California),it was observed that r
英语翻译
Conclusion
The spread of resistance genes has occurred independently in all treated areas,and in the regions where detailed monitoring was conducted (e.g.,southern France,Catalonia,north-eastern Italy and California),it was observed that repetitive spreads at the same locus were taking place (Raymond et al.,1987; Severini et al.,1997; Guillemaud et al.,1998; Lenormand et al.,1998a; Eritja & Chevillon,1999).Thus it seems that the spread of advantageous mutations is rather common for this example of environmental change in a large population,which is to be considered within the current controversy concerning the phase three of Wright’s shifting balance theory (Coyne,Barton & Turelli,1997).Estimates of fitness advantage and fitness cost of the Culex pipiens resistance genes are similar to estimates for other genes providing resistance to xenobiotics (McKenzie,1996),or for selected genes in classical models of natural selection,such as industrial melanism (Haldane,1924; Lees,1981).
When the precise physiological action of each gene product is well known,it is possible to explain the dominance level or the type of epistasis observed.It is however difficult to predict a priori how resistance genes will interact,and it is too early to state whether or not this will be ever possible.A minimum knowledge about gene function is required to predict some gene interactions (e.g.,epistasis) and a fair understanding of what occurs in the ‘metabolic world’ around the gene product is required for other types of interaction (e.g.,dominance).
These resistance genes are costly,and the cost is variable among them.It is usually believed that the initial fitness cost would gradually decrease due to subsequent mutations with a modifier effect.In the present example,the cost at one locus (Ace.1) has evolved with a particular modifier (a gene duplication a the same locus),whereas at the other one (Ester) a reduction of cost took 10 years to became widespread,driven by allele replacement and apparently not by selection of modifiers.

英语翻译ConclusionThe spread of resistance genes has occurred independently in all treated areas,and in the regions where detailed monitoring was conducted (e.g.,southern France,Catalonia,north-eastern Italy and California),it was observed that r
结论
蔓延的耐药基因发生了独立于所有经处理的领域,并在那里进行了详细的监测（如法国南部,加泰罗尼亚,意大利东北部和加利福尼亚州）地区,有人指出,在同样的轨迹重复利差以地（雷蒙德等.,1987;塞韦里尼等.,1997; Guillemaud等.,1998;勒诺尔芒等.,1998年a; Eritja与舍维永,1999）.因此,它似乎是有利的突变传播是相当普遍对这种环境的改变,人口众多,这是要在当前有关赖特的平衡发生改变的理论（柯尼,巴顿和Turelli,1997年三期争议审议的例子） .健身健身的优势和淡色库蚊抗性基因类似的费用估计为其他提供抗异源物质的基因（麦肯齐,1996）的估计,或在自然选择,如工业黑化,古典模型选定基因（霍尔丹,1924年;酒糟,1981）.
当每一个精确的基因产物的生理作用是众所周知的,是有可能的解释优势级别或类型的上位性观察.不过,这是很难预测的先天耐药基因将如何互动,这是言之过早国家是否这将是以往任何时候都可能.关于基因功能的知识是需要的最低预测某些基因相互作用（例如,上位性）和发生在什么'代谢世界各地的基因产品的公平的理解是其他类型的相互作用（例如,支配）要求.
这些抗性基因是昂贵的,成本是可变的其中之一.它通常认为,初始成本将逐渐下降健身与修饰符由于随后的突变作用.在目前的例子,在一个位点（Ace.1）已演变与一个特定的修饰符（1复制一个相同的基因位点）,在其他一（酯）的成本削减了10年时间,而成为普遍的成本,更换驱动等位基因的修饰和选择显然不是.——源自GOOGLE翻译

结论
耐药基因的传播发生在所有治疗领域,独立和地区进行了详细的监测(例如,法国南部,哪个意大利和加州北部,重复铺在同一所在地举行(雷蒙德等,1987;Severini等,1996;Guillemaud等,1998,Lenormand等,1998a;Eritja & Chevillon,1999)。这样看来,传播的基因突变是相当普遍的有利环境改变这个例子中,它是一个人口众多的国家,被认为...

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结论
耐药基因的传播发生在所有治疗领域,独立和地区进行了详细的监测(例如,法国南部,哪个意大利和加州北部,重复铺在同一所在地举行(雷蒙德等,1987;Severini等,1996;Guillemaud等,1998,Lenormand等,1998a;Eritja & Chevillon,1999)。这样看来,传播的基因突变是相当普遍的有利环境改变这个例子中,它是一个人口众多的国家,被认为是在当前的争论关于第三阶段的平衡论(转移,巴顿和中华Coyne,1997)。估计的健身优势和健身成本的诱引力是相似的耐药基因研究估计其他基因抗xenobiotics(McKenzie提供,1996),或者选择基因在自然选择的模型,如工业melanism(目标期限就是酒,1924年;。
当精确的生理功能,每个基因产物是众所周知的,它可以解释这个优势水平或类型的epistasis观察。它是很难预测的先验如何互动,抗病基因还为时尚早状态是否还会成为可能。最少需要了解基因功能预测有些基因相互作用(如epistasis)和一个公平的理解是什么发生在“代谢世界的周围的基因产品所需的其他类型的交互作用(如优势)。
这些耐药基因是昂贵的,而且成本是可变的。它通常被认为初始状态会逐渐减少由于成本的后续突变与改性效果。在目前的例子,在一个位点的成本(Ace.1)已经进化与一个特定的基因复制修改(一个相同的位点),而在另一个(酯)降低了十多年的费用变得流行起来,驱动置换,显然不是等位基因的选择。

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