怎样分辨英语中的定语,状语,宾语从句?

怎样分辨英语中的定语,状语,宾语从句?
怎样分辨英语中的定语,状语,宾语从句?

怎样分辨英语中的定语,状语,宾语从句?
宾语从句与中考试题
学习宾语从句并不难,只要你能过好下面的三道关：
第一关,选好连接词（也有人叫关联词）.
引导宾语从句的连接词,课本上写有三类,但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用.
1．连词that：只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略.例如：1）He knew（that）he should work hard．
2）I am glad（that）you've passed the exam．
2．连词whether或if：它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,口语中多用if.例如：3）Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning?
4）Tom didn't know if／whether his grandpa liked the present．
作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大,同学们不易掌握.在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制.例如：
5）He asked me whether or not I was coming．他问我是否要来.（该句中的whether不能换成if,因为if不能与or连用.）
3．连接代词who,whom ,whose,what,which：它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有其自己的意义.例如：
6）The teacher asked the new student which class he was in?（武汉市）（which引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语,修饰class,意为“哪个”.）
7）Can you tell me whom he is waiting for?（天津市）
4．连接副词when,where,why,how：起连接作用,分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语,各有其自己的意义.例如：
8）I wonder where he got so much money．对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑.（where在从句中作地点状语,修饰got,意为“哪里；什么地方”.）
9）He didn't tell me how old his friend was．（四川省）（how引导宾语从句,作程度状语,修饰old,意为“怎样；如何”等意.）
第二关,牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即“连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他”.这里特别强调的是,它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序,不是疑问句的倒装语序.例如：10）You must remember what your teacher said．
11）—Dad,do you know when the football game will start?
—In half an hour．（宁波市）
12）汉译英：你能不能告诉我,我们去看望谁?
误：Can you tell me who（m）do we have to see?
正：Can you tell me who（m）we have to see?
错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do.因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句,如W hat time does the plane arrive in Paris?就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris?”这种错误句子来.但是一旦我们注意了,我们不久就习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris?”了.
第三关,注意时态的呼应.宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句谓语时态的制约,这种现象称为“时态的呼应”.例如：
13）汉译英：我原以为你今天有空的.误：I thought（that）you are free today．
正：I thought（that）you would be free today．
错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有 today,但因为主句谓语是thought,所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would be了.
这种时态的呼应,如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制,如上述例句2）,3）,7）,8）,10）,11）,12）.如果主句时态是过去时,宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时（即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等）.例如：14）He thought he was working for the people．
15）I heard she had been to the Great W all．
16）John hoped that he would find a job soon．
但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等,则不变化：
17）The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun．
巩固与检测请做下列2002年中考题：
1．In the bookshop,a reader asked the shop keeper _____Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book．（北京市东城区）
A．that B．how C．what D．if
2．—I don't know _____ Mr．Green will come to see us．
—He will help us with our English．（杭州市）
A．why B．when C．how D．where
3．—We never know _____ the old m an is． —They say he is a teacher.A．what B．who C．which D．where
4．I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers． A．that how B．how that C．when that D．that when
5．—Do you know _____ I'm going to see him． —Sorry,I don't know．（北京市海淀区） A．where does Mr．Li live B．where did Mr．Li live
C．where Mr．Li lives D．where Mr．Li lived
6．—W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer?
—Sorry,I have no idea．（南京市）
A．／；bought B．has；bought C．did；buy D．does；buy
7．I don't feel very well．Mum asked me _____this morning．（重庆市）
A.what the matter is B．what is wrong
C．what the matter was D．what wrong was
8．—Where is Jack?
—He is away to spend his holiday．He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan,but I'm not sure _____ ．（南昌市）
A．that B．which C．where D．there
Key:宾语从句与中考试题 1—4 D A A D 5—8 C A C C

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