英语 (2 9:34:37)虚拟语气的用法

英语 (2 9:34:37)虚拟语气的用法
英语 (2 9:34:37)
虚拟语气的用法

英语 (2 9:34:37)虚拟语气的用法
虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实,而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(用在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；二是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (用在主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中).
下面我们分以下五种情况来讲述虚拟语气的用法.
一、虚拟语气在if 引导的条件从句中的用法.（主句与从句中的谓语动词的形式如下表）If 条件状语从句有真实条件句和非真实条件句.假设条件可以实现的句子为真实条件句（如在阴天说if it rains, we would not go out）,反之为非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气.
三假设条件一般为：
1） 与过去事实相反,从句谓语动词用过去完成时,主句动词为情态动词＋完成时态.
e.g. If I had come here yesterday, I would have seen him.
2） 与现在事实相反,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,主句动词为情态动词＋动词原形.
e.g. If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
3） 与将来事实可能相反,从句谓语动词用过去将来时,主句动词为情态动词＋动词原形.
e.g. If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.
主句谓语动词为情态动词（should, would, could）＋和相应的从句一致的动词形式.
注意：（一）当if条件从句中谓语有were, should, had 时,可省略if, 把were, should, had提到句首,采用倒装.e.g.
1. If I were you, I would agree to the plan.
Were I you, I would agree to the plan.
如果我是你的话,我就会同意这项计划.
2. If I had known more about giving first aid, I would have helped them.
Had I known more about giving first aid, I would have helped them. 如果我懂得更多如何给予急救的知识的话,我就能够帮助他们了.
3. If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
如果下雨的话,庄稼就能获救了.
(二)含蓄条件句
有时if条件句是以其他形式表示出来的,如上下文或介词短语形式等,常见的有but for （要不是）,without, otherwise….e.g.
1. But for you, I should be dead by now.
要不是你, 我现在早死了.
2. Without your help we couldn’t have finished the job yesterday.
要不是你的帮助,我们昨天完不成工作.
3. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal.在踢球前他犹豫了一下,否则的话他就会破门得分了.
（三）混杂条件句
即从句与主句的动作发生的时间不同,那么主从句谓语就依据相应的时间,使用相应的谓语.e.g.
1. If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now. 要是他听从医生的意见, 他现在就好了.
2. If he had listened to me, he would not be in such trouble now.
如果他当时听了我的话, 现在就不会遇到麻烦了.
3. If it had rained last night, it would be very cool today.
如果昨天晚上下了雨的话,今天就会非常凉爽了.
二、 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法.
（一）虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法
★在It is important/strange/natural/necessary…+that从句中,谓语动词常常用should+do(should可省略).e.g.
1. It’s necessary that we (should) have a walk now.
我们有必要出去散散步.
2. It’s natural that she (should) do so. 她这样做是很自然的.
3. It’s important that we (should) take good care of the patient.
重要的是我们要照顾好病人.
★在“It be+ordered\insisted\suggested that…这一类句型中,主语从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气.即(should)+do.这一类动词有order, suggest, insist, demand, require等.e.g.
1. It was suggested that the medicine should be sent there by plane. 这种药被建议空运到那里.
2. It was ordered that we should start work at once.
我们被命令立刻开始工作.
(二)虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
★虚拟语气在某些动词后的宾语从句中,常使用“（should）+do”.常见的动词有：一个坚持（insist）;两个命令（order, command）;三条建议（advise, suggest, propose）;五项要求（demand, require, request, want, ask）.e.g.
1. I suggest we (should) hold a meeting tomorrow.
我建议明天开个会.
2. We insisted that she (should) go with us.
我们坚决要求她应该跟我们走.
★wish 后的宾语从句中的谓语动词有三种情况：对现在的虚拟,用一般过去式；对过去的虚拟,用过去完成时；对将来的虚拟,用would/could+do.e.g.
1. I wish I were 10 years younger. 我但愿自己能年轻十岁.
2. I wish (that) you would get a good job.
我希望你能找到一个好职业.
3. He wished he hadn’t done it. 他想要是他没这样做该多好.
★insist/suggest各有两种意思,要用不同的语气.
insist 表示“坚决要求”时,用虚拟形式,即 （should）+do;
insist 表示“坚持认为,坚持说”时,用陈述语气,表示事实.
suggest 表示“建议”时,用虚拟形式.
suggest 表示“表明、暗示”时,用陈述语气.e.g.
1. The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了.
2. His expression suggested that he was angry.
他的表情表明他生气了.
3. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any means. 他坚决要求我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿.
4. He insisted that he was right.他坚持说他是对的.
★would rather(宁愿)引导的宾语从句中,当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时.
1.I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
我宁愿他明天来而不是今天来.
2.I’d rather you painted the wall green next time.
我宁愿你下次把墙漆成绿色.
3.I would rather she hadn’t done that.我宁愿她没有做过那件事.
（三）虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法.
某些表示“建议、计划、命令”的名词（如advice, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等）后的表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+do”.e.g.
1. We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我们都同意他的到北京旅游观光的建议.
2. My advice is that we (should) do exercises first.
我的建议是我们应该先做练习.
三、虚拟语气在as if/though引导的表语从句或状语从句中的用法
由as if (as though) 引导的表语从句或状语从句中,常用虚拟语气,即表示与现在事实相反,用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done)；与将来事实相反用would+do.e.g.
1. She looks as if she were made of ice. 她看起来似乎是冰做的.
2. He looked as if he hadn’t slept for two days.
他看起来好像两天没睡觉了.
3. He is acting strangely as if he would die tomorrow.
他行为很奇怪好像明天要死一般.
4. This American girl speaks Chinese as if she were a Chinese.
这个美国女孩说起汉语来就像中国人一样.
5. They talked as if they had been old friends for years.他们谈起话来就像多年的老朋友似的.
四、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法
这种从句常用在It’s (high) time that…句型中.定语从句的谓语动词用过去式或should+do (should不能省).译为“该到干……的时候了.”e.g.
1. It’s time that you left (should leave) here.
该到你们离开这儿的时候了.
2. It’s high time that we went (should go) home.
该到我们回家的时候了.
五、虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中
if only 意为：若是……那该多好啊; 真希望……; 但愿……就好了.
如果与现在事实相反,谓语用过去式; 如果与过去事实相反,谓语用过去完成时.
1. If only I were a bird. 我要是一只鸟该多好啊!
2. If only I were five years younger!我要是年轻五岁就好了.
3. If only she had never been married. 要是她没结婚就好了.
4. If only I had arrived in time!要是我按时到就好了.