（急,一天内）求一篇关于费城与世博的【英语】短文~可以先介绍费城,再介绍费城与世博的相关信息.或者说,只要是关于费城与世博的【英语】短文就好了!【阅读时间】最好控制在【2~3分钟

（急,一天内）求一篇关于费城与世博的【英语】短文~可以先介绍费城,再介绍费城与世博的相关信息.或者说,只要是关于费城与世博的【英语】短文就好了!【阅读时间】最好控制在【2~3分钟
（急,一天内）求一篇关于费城与世博的【英语】短文~
可以先介绍费城,再介绍费城与世博的相关信息.
或者说,只要是关于费城与世博的【英语】短文就好了!
【阅读时间】最好控制在【2~3分钟内】

（急,一天内）求一篇关于费城与世博的【英语】短文~可以先介绍费城,再介绍费城与世博的相关信息.或者说,只要是关于费城与世博的【英语】短文就好了!【阅读时间】最好控制在【2~3分钟
费城世博会的英文和中文介绍,希望对你有用,若长了,可以对照中文删减.
The Centennial International Exhibition of 1876, the first official World’s Fair in the United States, was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia. It was officially the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine. It was held in Fairmount Park, along the Schuylkill River. The fairgrounds were designed by Hermann Schwarzmann. About 10 million visitors attended, equivalent to about 20% of the population of the United States at the time (though many were repeat visitors).
Structures
There were more than 200 buildings constructed within Exposition’s grounds which was surrounded by a fence nearly three miles long.[6] The Centennial Commission sponsored a design competition for the principal buildings. There were two rounds, winners of the first round had to have details such as construction cost and time prepared for the runoff on September 20, 1873. After the four design winners were chosen, it was determined that none of them allowed for enough time for construction and limited finances.
The Centennial Commission turned to architect Henry Pettit and engineer Joseph M. Wilson for design and construction of the Main Exhibition Building. A temporary structure, the Main Building was the largest building in the world by area, enclosing twenty-one and a half acres.[4] It was constructed using prefabricated parts, with a wood and iron frame resting on 672 stone piers, and took eighteen months to complete. Glass was used between the frames to allow in light. Inside, the central avenue was 120 ft (37 m) wide, 1,832 ft (558 m) long and 75 ft (23 m) high. 75 ft (23 m) tall towers sat at each of the buildings corners. Exhibits from the United States were placed in the center of the building and foreign exhibits were placed around the center based on the nation’s distance from the United States. Exhibits inside the Main Building dealt with mining, metallurgy, manufacturing, education and science.
To the west of the Main Building was Machinery Hall. Machinery Hall was also designed by Pettit and Wilson and was similarly designed except that the building’s frame was just made of wood. The building, which took six months to construct, was the second largest building at the Exposition and was 1,402 ft (427 m) long and 360 ft (110 m) wide. There was a 208 ft (63 m) by 210 ft (64 m) wing attached on the south side of the building. Exhibits displayed at Machinery Hall revolved around machines and industry.
The third largest structure at the Centennial was Agricultural Hall. Designed by James Windrim, Agricultural Hall was 820 ft (250 m) long and 540 ft (160 m) wide. Made of wood and glass, the building was designed to look like various barn structures pieced together. The building’s exhibits included products and machines in agriculture and other related businesses.
Unlike most of the buildings constructed for the Exposition, Horticultural_Hall was meant to be permanent. Horticultural Hall was designed by Hermann J. Schwarzmann. Schwarzmann, an engineer for the Fairmount Park Commission, had never designed a building before. Horticultural Hall had an iron and glass frame on a brick and marble foundation and was 383 ft (117 m) long, 193 ft (59 m) wide and 68 ft (21 m) tall.[10] The building was styled after Moorish architecture and designed as a tribute to The Crystal Palace from London’s Great Exhibition. The building’s exhibits specialized in horticulture and after the Exposition it continued to exhibit plants until it was badly damaged by Hurricane Hazel in 1954 and was demolished.
Also designed by Hermann J. Schwarzmann, Memorial Hall is made of brick, glass, iron and granite. Memorial Hall’s was designed in beaux-arts style and housed the art exhibits. The Centennial received so many art contributions a separate annex was built to house it all. Another building was built for the display of photography.[11] Memorial Hall continued to house the school, and afterwards and was taken over by the Fairmount Park Commission in 1958. The museum school is now the University of the Arts. The building was later used as a police station and has now been renovated to house the Please Touch Museum.
The British buildings were extensive and among other things showed to America the evolved bicycle with Tension Spokes and a large front wheel. Two English manufactures displayed their high wheel bikes (called "Ordinary bikes" or slang "penny farthings") at the Exposition: Bayless Thomas and Rudge. It was these displays which caused Col. A Pope to decide to begin making high wheel bikes in the USA. He started the Columbia Bike Company and within a few years was publishing a journal "LAW Bulletin and Good Roads". This was the beginning of the good roads movement by the bicycling faternity which led to the AAA pushing further in 1903.
Twenty-six U.S. states had their own building of which the Ohio House is the only one that still exists. Not including the United States, eleven nations also had their own building. The United States government had its own cross shaped building that held exhibits from various government departments. The Women’s Pavilion was the first structure at an international exposition devoted to showing off the work of women. The rest of the structures at the Centennial consisted of corporate pavilions, administration buildings, restaurants and other buildings designed for public comfort.
Exhibits
Technologies introduced at the fair include the Corliss Steam Engine. Pennsylvania Railroad displayed the John Bull steam locomotive that was originally built in 1831.[17] Waltham Watch Company displayed the first automatic screw making machinery and won the Gold Medal in the first international watch precision competition. Until the start of 2004, many of the fair’s exhibits were in the Smithsonian Institution’s Arts and Industries Building in Washington, DC, adjacent to the Castle building. During the Exposition the Turkish delegation presented marijuana to the United States for the first time, becoming one of the most visited exhibits of the fair[citation needed].
Consumer products first displayed to the public include:
* Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone
* Remington Typographic Machine (typewriter)
* Heinz Ketchup
* Wallace-Farmer Electric Dynamo, precursor to (electric light)
* Hires Root Beer
* Kudzu erosion control plant species
A reconstruction of a "colonial kitchen" replete with spinning wheel and costumed presenters sparked an era of "Colonial Revival" in American architecture and house furnishings. The Swedish Cottage, representing a rural Swedish schoolhouse of traditional style, was re-erected after the Exposition closed, in Central Park, New York. It is now the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre.
The New Jersey official State Pavilion was a reconstruction of the Ford Mansion, which served as General George Washington’s Headquarters during the winter of 1779-80 in Morristown, New Jersey. The reconstruction had a working "colonial kitchen" featuring a polemical narrative of "old-fashioned domesticity." This quaint hearth and home view of the colonial past was juxtaposed against the theme of progress, the overarching theme of the exhibition serving to reinforce a view of American progress evolving from a small hearty colonial stock and not from a continual influx of multi-ethnic waves of immigration.
The right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty were showcased at the Exposition. For a fee of 50 cents, visitors could climb the ladder to the balcony, and the money raised this way was used to fund the rest of the statue.
The building where visitors picked up official Exposition catalogues was, after the Exposition, dismantled and moved to Wayne, Pennsylvania and later Strafford, Pennsylvania, where it still stands, serving as that community’s train station.
1876年费城世博会
1876年,美国费城举办世界博览会,这是美国历史上的第一次世界博览会.这一年,适逢美国建国百年纪念年.它的意义,绝不只在美国首次获得了世博会的举办权；通过博览会,美国要向世界展示一个新兴工业国家的崛起,证明它已走欧洲工业强国的阴影.美国要向世界宣布：一个美国时代即将到来.
概况
1876年费城世博会的参展国并不是都有独立的国家馆,35个参展国中只有15个国家建有自己的展馆.例如中国是参展国之一,但没有独立的中国馆建筑,只是在主办国的主展厅中拥有“大清国”展区；而日本建有独立的日本馆,同时还拥有主题馆中的日本展区.这15个国家馆的主要功能并不是用来展示展品,当时的国家馆根本就不在游客的参观计划中,因为参展国的代表性展品都在各主题馆集中展示.那么,1876年世博会的参展国国家馆到底用来做什么呢?文献记载表明,15个国家馆主要充当了本国参展人员的驻地,有些国家馆负责接洽远道而来的本国游客,有些国家馆是本国外交官员举行招待会的场所,有些国家馆根本就不对外开放.这一点与现代世博会的参展国展馆是完全不相同的.
简要信息
名称：美国独立百年展览会
地点：美国费城
会期：1876年5月10日至1876年11月10日
参加国：35个
参观者：1000万
背景
19世纪70年代,美国作为一个经济大国,正从西半球昂扬崛起,创造了一个强国发展的奇迹.当时美国经济位居世界第四,至19世纪80年代,美国的经济已居世界第一.
1860到1880年,美国农业机械化过程进展迅速,造就了高度发达的农业.同时,美国的煤炭、钢铁、石油产量逐步超越了英法等国,交通迅速发展,1875年每天进出芝加哥的火车达750列.当工业化基本实现时,美国已经成为世界上经济实力最强大的国家.
19世纪70年代的美国,无疑是地球上最生机勃勃、蒸蒸日上的国度.世博会这个舞台,它总是在一定的时间与空间里,展示着人类最新的发展.历史的发展,注定让世博会不会错过美国.
举办历程
早在19世纪60年代,美国已经有举行庆祝美国独立100周年纪念活动的计划.曾担任美国驻法外交官的毕格罗(Hon·John Bigelow)、曾任职1867年巴黎世博会美国参展团的诺顿将军(General Charles B. Norton)以及大学教授坎贝尔(J.L.Campbell),写信给当时的费城市市长,建议在费城举办世博会作为百年庆典活动.其间沉寂了许久,直到 1871年3月3日,国会终于通过举办1876年费城世博会的议案,成立了“美利坚独立百年展委员会”负责筹办事务.同时,议案明确规定：美国政府对此类事务产生的费用不负有责任（The United States shall not be liable for any expenses attending such exhibition, or by reason of the same）.
这是迄今查阅到的美国政府对于世博会资金问题最早、最明确的态度.考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda.com)
事实上,美国国会1871年的这一决定从根本上决定了美国世博会的主办模式.与此前欧洲世博会政府拨款相比,筹办1876费城世博会需要更多的勇气和智慧.
然而,筹建世博会终究是不能没有美元的.那么,费城世博会资金到底从哪里来呢?国会决定于1872年6月1日成立“百年纪念展融资部(Centennial Board of Finance)”专门负责筹集和使用资金,并且授权融资部发售股票和纪念章.
自1872年11月21日,融资部开始发行总值不超过1000万美元债券,每份10美元,发售3个月,最终获得资金250万美元；自1874年6月16日起,由融资部出售美国独立百年纪念章、小礼品等,面值1～11美元不等,最终获得50万美元.值得一提的是,尽管联邦政府只肯贷款不肯拨款,但宾夕法尼亚州和费城市分别拨款100万和150万美元直接用于世博会,费城还出资 250万美元在舒约契尔河上建了一座桥作为世博会场址的前期准备.
开幕式
1873年7月3日,格兰特总统郑重宣布了世博会的开幕日期,同时向各国使馆发出参展邀请.1874年,各类展馆先后开始建造.直至1876年4月,大部分展馆准备就绪.
尽管下着雨,但仍有20万参观者出席了开幕式.出席开幕式的有：美国国会全体成员、37个参展国的官员及随行人员、巴西国王佩德罗二世,还有特别以5000美元的出场费邀请到的德国作曲家理查德·瓦格纳（Richard Wagner）.
下午,美国总统格兰特与巴西国王佩德罗二世一起拉动开关,启动了作为总动力源的600吨柯立斯蒸汽机,这在当时是功率最大的.于是,千百台机械和泵齐声轰鸣,展厅在隆隆声中微微振动,人们欢呼雀跃着,将礼帽抛向空中.
展馆
美国政府馆是最大的国家馆,是用以展示的.国家馆包含了美国邮政部、农业部、专利局、国家博物馆、国防部、国家实验室等机构的大型展示,其中仅美国专利局就展示了6万张发明图片和5000多个发明模型,吸引了大量游客.
值得一提的是,这届世博会的参展国并不是都有独立的国家馆,35个参展国中只有15个国家建有自己的展馆.例如中国是参展国之一,但没有独立的中国馆建筑,只是在主办国的主展厅中拥有“大清国”展区；而日本建有独立的日本馆,同时还拥有主题馆中的日本展区.这15个国家馆的主要功能并不是用来展示展品,当时的国家馆根本就不在游客的参观计划中,因为参展国的代表性展品都在各主题馆集中展示.那么,1876年世博会的参展国国家馆到底用来做什么呢?文献记载表明,15个国家馆主要充当了本国参展人员的驻地,有些国家馆负责接洽远道而来的本国游客,有些国家馆是本国外交官员举行招待会的场所,有些国家馆根本就不对外开放.这一点与现代世博会的参展国展馆是完全不相同的.
另外,美国各州分别出资建立了州馆,州馆作为地方性展馆,在规格与功能上竟与大部分的参展国展馆类似.州馆主要充当各州参展事务办公室或接待室.例如,有些州的行政长官在本州展馆内接待市民,有些州馆为本州游客提供邮政服务等.从数量上看,美国共建了24个州馆,而参展国国家馆总共才有15个.
展品
主厅：美国展品占据了一半；
机械宫：美国展品占据了3/4；
纪念宫：欧洲顶级艺术大师的作品寥寥无几；
农业宫：美国展品占据了2/3；
园艺宫：基本全是美国展品；
对于参展国展品,美国的态度是：展览结束后,参展国如欲在美国售出展品,就必须遵从高额的进口关税；否则,只能花费代价运回本国.美国政府馆是最大的国家馆,是用以展示的.国家馆包含了美国邮政部、农业部、专利局、国家博物馆、国防部、国家实验室等机构的大型展示,其中仅美国专利局就展示了6万张发明图片和5000多个发明模型,吸引了大量游客.来源：www.examda.com
美国各州分别出资建立了州馆,州馆作为地方性展馆,在规格与功能上竟与大部分的参展国展馆类似.州馆主要充当各州参展事务办公室或接待室.例如,有些州的行政长官在本州展馆内接待市民,有些州馆为本州游客提供邮政服务等.从数量上看,美国共建了24个州馆,而参展国国家馆总共才有15个.
美国馆
美国政府馆是最大的国家馆,是用以展示的.国家馆包含了美国邮政部、农业部、专利局、国家博物馆、国防部、国家实验室等机构的大型展示,其中仅美国专利局就展示了6万张发明图片和5000多个发明模型,吸引了大量游客.来源：考试大
值得一提的是,这届世博会的参展国并不是都有独立的国家馆,35个参展国中只有15个国家建有自己的展馆.例如中国是参展国之一,但没有独立的中国馆建筑,只是在主办国的主展厅中拥有“大清国”展区；而日本建有独立的日本馆,同时还拥有主题馆中的日本展区.这15个国家馆的主要功能并不是用来展示展品,当时的国家馆根本就不在游客的参观计划中,因为参展国的代表性展品都在各主题馆集中展示.那么,1876年世博会的参展国国家馆到底用来做什么呢?文献记载表明,15个国家馆主要充当了本国参展人员的驻地,有些国家馆负责接洽远道而来的本国游客,有些国家馆是本国外交官员举行招待会的场所,有些国家馆根本就不对外开放.这一点与现代世博会的参展国展馆是完全不相同的.
另外,美国各州分别出资建立了州馆,州馆作为地方性展馆,在规格与功能上竟与大部分的参展国展馆类似.州馆主要充当各州参展事务办公室或接待室.例如,有些州的行政长官在本州展馆内接待市民,有些州馆为本州游客提供邮政服务等.从数量上看,美国共建了24个州馆,而参展国国家馆总共才有15个.

Philadelphia, 全称“费拉德尔菲亚”。英文简称为 Philly。该词的由二个希腊单词组成，Philos 意思为 爱，adelphos 意思为兄弟。所以费城也被称为 “city of brotherly love”，“兄弟之爱之城”。
美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部大工商业城市。临特拉华河，隔河与新泽西州的卡姆登相望，距河口约140公里。人口1,449,634（2009），为美国第六...

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Philadelphia, 全称“费拉德尔菲亚”。英文简称为 Philly。该词的由二个希腊单词组成，Philos 意思为 爱，adelphos 意思为兄弟。所以费城也被称为 “city of brotherly love”，“兄弟之爱之城”。
美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部大工商业城市。临特拉华河，隔河与新泽西州的卡姆登相望，距河口约140公里。人口1,449,634（2009），为美国第六大城市，大市区471．6万（1980）。沿特拉华河有大规模港口设施，大型海轮可直达港区，为国内著名河港。全国造船和石油工业主要中心之一，服装、食品、印刷、钢铁、重型机械、电机、汽车、化工等工业也很重要。著名历史古城，始建于1681年。1776年十三州在此宣布独立，1787年在此制订联邦宪法，1790—1800年为美国首都。多美国独立战争前后古迹文物。有较古老的宾夕法尼亚大学（1779年建）、德雷塞尔大学 （1891建）宾夕法尼亚艺术学院（1805年建）等高等学校和众多的科学研究机构、博物馆、美术馆等。艺术活动很活跃，费城交响乐团闻名于世。
费城是美国的古都，也是第四大都市。随着岁月的流逝与工业的发展，费城所拥有的重要性已逐渐褪色，但是在十八世纪中叶，费城却是起草与签署独立宣言的地方，第一次和第二次大陆会议（Continental Congresses）均是在此召开。而美国宪法草案也是在费城起草和签署的。贝茜·罗斯（Betsy Ross）在这里设计并升起了美国国旗；国父乔治·华盛顿也在此留下了不少岁月。这里是美国和美国民主的诞生地。Philadelphia是希腊语，意为“兄弟之爱”，这个人口一百六十万的城市，至今仍维持了友善小镇的感觉。
费城位于宾夕法尼亚州（Pennsylvania）东南部，德拉瓦河（Delaware River）与斯库基尔河（Schuylkill）的汇流处。市区东起德拉瓦河，向西延伸到斯库基尔河以西，面积334平方公里。Broad St. 以西、Vine St. 以北为艺术区，博物馆、美术馆多聚集在此。8th St. 以东为历史区，以西为中心区。主要观光地多集中艺术区及历史区，旅馆与购物中心则在中心区。南北方向道路自德拉瓦河畔开始，以 1st、2nd……等数字命名街道。费城是个徒步就可以走完的城市，在历史区逛一天、艺术区两天，则是最理想的行程。
绿意盎然的费城，每年从全美各地涌进不计其数的游客，都是专程前来欣赏这个国家的诞生地。因此，费城也是著名的观光都市之一。1682年，英国探险家威廉·潘（Quaker William Penn）发现并命名了费城，同一时期当地建了357间屋子；到了1699年，人口已快速成长为7000。十八世纪中叶，费城的贸易额已超越了波士顿。之后，这个城市成为美国的诞生地，也是美国的第二个首都。

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