英语翻译Learning and MemoryBackground.Learning involves "a change in the content or organization of long term memory and/or behavior." The first part of the definition focuses on what we know (and can thus put to use) while the second focuses on

英语翻译Learning and MemoryBackground.Learning involves "a change in the content or organization of long term memory and/or behavior." The first part of the definition focuses on what we know (and can thus put to use) while the second focuses on
英语翻译
Learning and Memory
Background.Learning involves "a change in the content or organization of long term memory and/or behavior." The first part of the definition focuses on what we know (and can thus put to use) while the second focuses on concrete behavior.For example,many people will avoid foods that they consumed shortly before becoming ill.Learning is not all knowledge based.For example,we may experience the sales people in one store being nicer to us than those in the other.We thus may develop a preference for the one store over the other; however,if pressed,we may not be able to give a conscious explanation as to the reason for our preference.
Much early work on learning was actually done on rats and other animals (and much of this research was unjustifiably cruel,but that is another matter).
Classical conditioning.Pavlov’s early work on dogs was known as classical conditioning.Pavlov discovered that when dogs were fed meat powder they salivated.Pavlov then discovered that if a bell were rung before the dogs were fed,the dogs would begin salivating in anticipation of being fed (this was efficient,since they could then begin digesting the meat powder immediately).Pavlov then found that after the meat had been "paired" with the meat powder enough times,Pavlov could ring the bell without feeding the dogs and they would still salivate.
In the jargon of classical conditioning,the meat powder was an unconditioned stimulus (US) and the salivation was,when preceded by the meat powder,an unconditioned response (UR).That is,it is a biologically "hard-wired" response to salivate when you are fed.By pairing the bell with the unconditioned stimulus,the bell became a conditioned stimulus (CS) and salivation in response to the bell (with no meat powder) became a conditioned response (CR).
Many modern day advertisers use classical conditioning in some way.Consider this sequence:
Beautiful woman (US) ---> emotional arousal (UR) in males
Beautiful woman (US) + automobile (not yet CS) ---> arousal (US) [repeated many times]
Automobile (CS) ---> arousal (CR)
(For the exam,you should be able to diagram an example given).
Operant conditioning.Instrumental,or operant,conditioning,involves a different series of events,and this what we usually think of as learning.The general pattern is:
Behavior ---> consequences ---> behavior is more or less likely to be repeated
There are three major forms of operant learning.In positive reinforcement,an individual does something and is rewarded.He or she is then more likely to repeat the behavior.For example,you eat a candy bar (behavior),it tastes good (consequence),and you are thus more likely to eat a similar candy bar in the future (behavioral change).

英语翻译Learning and MemoryBackground.Learning involves "a change in the content or organization of long term memory and/or behavior." The first part of the definition focuses on what we know (and can thus put to use) while the second focuses on
学习和记忆
背景资料.
学习包括“在长期记忆和行为的内容和组织上的变化”.这个定义的第一部分主要着眼于我们所知道的东西上（然后就能付诸应用）,而第二部分主要是关于我们的具体行为.举例来说,很多人会避开那些他们曾经吃了后很快觉得不舒服的食物.学习并不全都是以知识为基础的.例如当我们遇见一间商店的售货员比另一间更加友好这种情况的时候.我们由此可能会产生一种偏爱之心,然而当我们强迫对这种偏好的理由做出解释的时候,我们或许就很难能够说得清原因.过去的人们为了研究学习过程这个问题实际上已经在老鼠和其他动物身上做过很多实验（而且很多的这些实验对于都是极端的残忍,当然,这就我们的主题无关的另一方面问题）
古典制约作用.
巴甫洛夫（俄国著名生理学家,以条件反射的研究出名,获诺贝尔医学奖）对于狗的研究就是古典制约作用的研究.巴甫洛夫发现当喂狗吃肉末的时候它们就留口水.经过进一步的观察他发现,如果每次在喂狗吃肉末前都摇铃铛的话,它们预测到有肉末吃然后就分泌唾液.（这样实际上提高了他们的效率,因为他们可以在肉末一入口就立即开始消化）然后巴甫洛夫发现如果铃声和肉末搭配到一起足够多次之后,当巴甫洛夫再次响铃却不喂肉末时,它们还是会分泌唾液.在古典条件作用的术语里,肉末就一种非条件刺激（US）,然后产生的唾液就是非条件回应（UR）.这就是生物学上产生分泌唾液的客观因素.把铃声和非条件刺激联系在一起,铃声成为一个条件刺激,而回应铃声这个条件刺激（即使没有肉末这个非条件刺激）的分泌唾液这个反应就是一个条件回应.
现代的许多广告商也在不同程度上运用古典制约作用.考虑一下这个过程：
美女(US) ---> 男性情绪激动(UR)
美女(US) + 汽车(还不是CS) ---> 情绪激动(US) [重复多次]
汽车 (CS) ---> 情绪激动 (CR)
（对于考试,你应该能够为给出的例子画出图示）
有效的制约作用
有效的制约作用包括不同系列的事件,而这些我门通常认为就是学习过程.通常的模式如下：
行为 ---> 结果 ---> 行为或多或少被重复
有3种主要的有效学习的形式.在积极的巩固过程中,个人做了某些事然后获得汇报.他就更倾向于重复这个行为.比方说,你吃一颗糖(行为),它味道好极了(结果),然后你就因此以后便更倾向与吃这么一颗相似的糖(行为变化).

坐等洒男孩提翻译机驾到～