什么是名词、副词、形容词、动词?名词、副词、形容词、动词的转化规律（包括不规则）

什么是名词、副词、形容词、动词?名词、副词、形容词、动词的转化规律（包括不规则）
什么是名词、副词、形容词、动词?名词、副词、形容词、动词的转化规律（包括不规则）

什么是名词、副词、形容词、动词?名词、副词、形容词、动词的转化规律（包括不规则）
1. 名词

名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns）,专有名词是某个（些）人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等.普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如：book,sadness等.普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体,如：gun.
2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如：family.
3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物,如：air.
4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如：work.
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词（Countable Nouns）,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）.归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示：
_______________________________________
| |专有名词 | |
| 名 | | 个体名词 | |
| | | | 可数名词 |
| | | 集体名词 | |
| |普通名词 | | |
| 词 | | 物质名词 | |
| | | | 不可数名词|
| | | 抽象名词 | |
2.副词及其基本用法

副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构.
一、副词的位置：
1） 在动词之前.
2） 在be动词、助动词之后.
3） 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后.
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡.
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾.
He speaks English well.
二、副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后.
2） 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接.
Please write slowly and carefully.
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词.
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词.
改错：(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可.
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.

3. 形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征.通常, 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面.
1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语.例如：hot 热的.
2) 叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词.这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰.大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类.例如：afraid 害怕的.
（错） He is an ill man.
（对） The man is ill.
（错） She is an afraid girl.
（对） The girl is afraid.
这类词还有： well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等.
3）形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边.但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如：
something nice
4.动词

1） 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词.
2） 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）.
说明：有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如：
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会. （having是实义动词.）
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约.
（has是助动词.）
3） 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb）,缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi..
说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词.例如：
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞.（sing在此用作不及物动词.）
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲.（sing用作及物动词.）
4） 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如：
She sings very well.
她唱得很好.（sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings.）
She wants to learn English well.
她想学好英语.（to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词.
说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）.
5) 根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（Verbal Phrase）例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语.（contains是单字动词.）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
学生们学会查字典.（look up是短语动词.）
The young ought to take care of the old.
年轻人应照料老人.（take care of是动词短语.）
6）动词有五种形态,分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）.
5.形容词与副词的比较级

大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别.原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种.
1) 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级.
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词 tall(高的) taller tallest
未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不发音的e结尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest
的单音词和少数 large(大的) larger largest
以- le结尾的双 able（有能力的) abler ablest
音节词只加-r,-st
以一个辅音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest
结尾的闭音节单 hot热的) hotter hottest
音节词,双写结
尾的辅音字母,
再加-er,-est
"以辅音字母+y" easy(容易的) easier easiest
结尾的双音节词,busy(忙的) busier busiest
改y为i,再加
-er,-est
少数以-er,-ow clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest
结尾的双音节词 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
未尾加-er,-est
其他双音节词和 important(重要的)
多音节词,在前 more important
面加more,most most important
来构成比较级和 easily(容易地)
最高级. more easily
most easily
2) 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good(好的)/ better best
well(健康的)
bad (坏的)/ worse worst
ill(有病的)
old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的) less least
far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest
形容词与副词的比较级

大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别.原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种.
1) 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级.
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词 tall(高的) taller tallest
未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不发音的e结尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest
的单音词和少数 large(大的) larger largest
以- le结尾的双 able（有能力的) abler ablest
音节词只加-r,-st
以一个辅音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest
结尾的闭音节单 hot热的) hotter hottest
音节词,双写结
尾的辅音字母,
再加-er,-est
"以辅音字母+y" easy(容易的) easier easiest
结尾的双音节词,busy(忙的) busier busiest
改y为i,再加
-er,-est
少数以-er,-ow clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest
结尾的双音节词 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
未尾加-er,-est
其他双音节词和 important(重要的)
多音节词,在前 more important
面加more,most most important
来构成比较级和 easily(容易地)
最高级. more easily
most easily
2) 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good(好的)/ better best
well(健康的)
bad (坏的)/ worse worst
ill(有病的)
old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的) less least
far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest

形容词与副词的比较级

大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别.原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种.
1) 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级.
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词 tall(高的) taller tallest
未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不发音的e结尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest
的单音词和少数 large(大的) larger largest
以- le结尾的双 able（有能力的) abler ablest
音节词只加-r,-st
以一个辅音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest
结尾的闭音节单 hot热的) hotter hottest
音节词,双写结
尾的辅音字母,
再加-er,-est
"以辅音字母+y" easy(容易的) easier easiest
结尾的双音节词,busy(忙的) busier busiest
改y为i,再加
-er,-est
少数以-er,-ow clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest
结尾的双音节词 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
未尾加-er,-est
其他双音节词和 important(重要的)
多音节词,在前 more important
面加more,most most important
来构成比较级和 easily(容易地)
最高级. more easily
most easily
2) 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good(好的)/ better best
well(健康的)
bad (坏的)/ worse worst
ill(有病的)
old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的) less least
far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest
6. Infinitive 不定词 Past tense 过去式 Past Participle 过去分词
abide abode,abided abode,abided
arise arose arisen
awake awoke awaked,awoken
be was been
bear bore borne,born
beat beat beaten
become became become
befall befell befallen
beget begot begotten
begin began begun
behold beheld beheld
bend bent bent
bereave bereaved,bereft bereaved,bereft
beseech besought besought
beset beset beset
bet bet,betted bet,betted
betake betook betaken
bethink bethought bethought
bid bade,bid bidden,bid
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten,bit
bleed bled bled
blend blended,blent blended,blent
bless blessed,blest blessed,blest
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast,broadcasted broadcast,broadcasted
build built built
burn burnt,burned burnt,burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
chide chided,chid chided,chidden
choose chose chosen
cleave clove,cleft cloven,cleft
cling clung clung
clothe clothed,clad clothed,clad
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
crow crowed,crew crowed
cut cut cut
dare dared,durst dared
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
dive dived;(US)dove dived
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt,dreamed dreamt,dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelt dwelt
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbear forbore forborne
forbid forbade,forbad forbidden
forecast forecast,forecasted forecast,forecasted
foreknow foreknew foreknown
foresee foresew foreseen
foretell foretold foretold
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
forswear forswore forsworn
freeze froze frozen
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid
get got got;(US)gotten
gild gilded,gilt gilded
gird girded,girt girded,girt
give gave given
go went gone
grave graved graven,graved
grind ground ground
grow girew grown
hamstring hamstringed,hamstrung hamstringed,hamstrung
hang hung,hanged hung,hanged
have had had
hear heard heard
heave heaved,hove hesved,hove
hew hewed hewed,hewn
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
inlay inlaid intaid
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
knit knitted,knit knitted,knit
know knew known
lade laded laden
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean lesnt,leaned lesnt,leaned
leap leapt,leaped leapt,leaped
learn learnt,learned learnt,learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit,lighted lit,lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
melt melted meited,molten
miscast miscast miscast
misdeal misdealt misdealt
misgive misgave misgiven
mislay mislaid mislaid
mislead misled misled
misspell misspelt misspelt
misspend misspent misspent
mistake mistook mistaken
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
mow mowed mown;(US) mowed
outbid outbid outbid
outdo outdid outdone
outgo outwent outgone
outgrow outgrew outgrown
outride outrode outridden
outrun outran outrun
outshine outshone outshone
overbear overbore overborne
overcast overcast overcast
overcome overcame overcome
overdo overdid overdone
overhang overhung overhung
overhear overheard overheard
overlay overlaid overlaid
overleap overleapt,overleaped overleapt,overleaped
overlie overlay overlain
override overrode overridden
overrun overran overun
oversee oversaw overseen
overshoot overshot overshot
oversleep overslept overslept
overtake overtook overtaken
overthrow overthrew overthrown
partake partook partaken
pay paid paid
prove proved proved,proven
put put put
quit quitted,quit quitted,quit
read read[red] read[red]
rebind rebound rebound
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt
recast recast recast
redo redid redone
relay relaid relaid
remake remade remade
rend rent rent
repay repaid repaid
rerun reran rerun
reset reset reset
retell retold retold
rewrite rewrote rewritten
rid red,redded rid,ridded
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
rive rived riven,rived
run ran run
saw sawed sawn,sawed
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn,sewed
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved,shaven
shear sheared sheared,shorn
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoe shod shod
shoot shot shot
show showed shown,showed
shrink shrank,shrunk shrunk,shrunken
shrive shrove,shrived shriven,shrived
shut shut shut
sing sang,sung sung
sink sank,sunk sunk;sunken
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slink slunk slunk
slit slit slit
smell smelt;smelled smelt;smelled
smite smote smitten
sow sowed sown,sowed
speak spoke spoken
speed sped,speeded sped,speeded
spell spelt,spelled spelt,spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt,spilled spilt,spilled
spin spun,span spun
spit spat,spit spat,spit
spoil spoilt,spoiled spoilt,spoiled
spread spread spread
spring sprang,sprung sprung
stand stood stood
stave staved,stove staved,stove
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank,stunk stunk
strew strewed strewn,strewed
stride strode stridden,strid
strike struck struck,stricken
string strung strung
strive strove striven
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swollen,swelled
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
thrive throve,ghrived thriven,thrived
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden,trod
unbend unbent unbent
unbind unbound unbound
underbid underbid underbid,underbidden
undergo underwent undergone
understand understood understood
undertake undertook undertaken
undo undid undone
upset upset upset
wake woke,waked woken,waked
waylay waylaid waylaid
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
weep wept wept
win won won
wind wound wound
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
withhold withheld withheld
withstand withstood withstood
work worked,wrought worked,wrought
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written