.有英文的更好~不要太专业啊~

.有英文的更好~不要太专业啊~
.有英文的更好~
不要太专业啊~

.有英文的更好~不要太专业啊~
世界自然宪章 World Charter for Nature
（1982年10月28目联合国大会通过）
37/7. World Charter for Nature
The General Assembly,
Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the revised draft World Charter for Nature,
Recalling that, in its resolution 35/7 of 30 October 1980, it expressed its conviction that the benefits which could be obtained from nature depended on the maintenance of natural processes and on the diversity of life forms and that those benefits were jeopardized by the excessive exploitation and the destruction of natural habitats,
Further recalling that, in the same resolution, it recognized the need for appropriate measures at the national and international levels to protect nature and promote international co-operation in that field,
Recalling that, in its resolution 36/6 of 27 October 1981, it again expressed its awareness of the crucial importance attached by the international community to the promotion and development of co-operation aimed at protecting and safeguarding the balance and quality of nature and invited the Secretary-General to transmit to Member States the text of the revised version of the draft World Charter for Nature contained in the report of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on the draft World Charter for Nature, as well as any further observations by States, with a view to appropriate consideration by the General Assembly at its thirty-seventh session,
Conscious of the spirit and terms of its resolutions 35/7 and 36/6, in which it solemnly invited Member States, in the exercise of their permanent sovereignty over their natural resources, to conduct their activities in recognition of the supreme importance of protecting natural systems, maintaining the balance and quality of nature and conserving natural resources, in the interests of present and future generations,
Having considered the supplementary report of the Secretary-General,
Expressing its gratitude to the Ad Hoc Group of Experts which, through its work, has assembled the necessary elements for the General Assembly to be able to complete the consideration of and adopt the revised draft World Charter for Nature at its thirty-seventh session, as it had previously recommended,
Adopts and solemnly proclaims the World Charter for Nature contained in the annex to the present resolution.
48th plenary meeting
28 October 1982
ANNEX
[编辑本段]World Charter for Nature (1982)
The General Assembly,
Reaffirming the fundamental purposes of the United Nations, in particular the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations among nations and the achievement of international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, technical, intellectual or humanitarian character,
Aware that:
(a) Mankind is a part of nature and life depends on the uninterrupted functioning of natural systems which ensure the supply of energy and nutrients,
(b) Civilization is rooted in nature, which has shaped human culture and influenced all artistic and scientific achievements, and living in harmony with nature gives man the best opportunities for the development of his creativity, and for rest and recreation,
Convinced that:
(a) Every form of life is unique, warranting respect regardless of its worth to man, and, to accord other organisms such recognition, man must be guided by a moral code of action,
(b) Man can alter nature and exhaust natural resources by his action or its consequences and, therefore, must fully recognize the urgency of maintaining the stability and quality of nature and of conserving natural resources,
Persuaded that:
(a) Lasting benefits from nature depend upon the maintenance of essential ecological processes and life support systems, and upon the diversity of life forms, which are jeopardized through excessive exploitation and habitat destruction by man,
(b) The degradation of natural systems owing to excessive consumption and misuse of natural resources, as well as to failure to establish an appropriate economic order among peoples and among States, leads to the breakdown of the economic, social and political framework of civilization,
(c) Competition for scarce resources creates conflicts, whereas the conservation of nature and natural resources contributes to justice and the maintenance of peace and cannot be achieved until mankind learns to live in peace and to forsake war and armaments,
Reaffirming that man must acquire the knowledge to maintain and enhance his ability to use natural resources in a manner which ensures the preservation of the species and ecosystems for the benefit of present and future generations,
Firmly convinced of the need for appropriate measures, at the national and international, individual and collective, and private and public levels, to protect nature and promote international co-operation in this field,
Adopts, to these ends, the present World Charter for Nature, which proclaims the following principles of conservation by which all human conduct affecting nature is to be guided and judged.
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. Nature shall be respected and its essential processes shall not be impaired.
2. The genetic viability on the earth shall not be compromised; the population levels of all life forms, wild and domesticated, must be at least sufficient for their survival, and to this end necessary habitat shall be safeguarded.
3. All areas of the earth, both land and sea, shall be subject to these principles of conservation; special protection shall be given to unique areas, to representative samples of all the different types of ecosystems and to the habitat of rare or endangered species.
4. Ecosystems and organisms, as well as the land, marine and atmospheric resources that are utilized by man, shall be managed to achieve and maintain optimum sustainable productivity, but not in such a way as to endanger the integrity of those other ecosystems or species with which they coexist.
5. Nature shall be secured against degradation caused by warfare or other hostile activities.
II. FUNCTIONS
6. In the decision-making process it shall be recognized that man's needs can be met only by ensuring the proper functioning of natural systems and by respecting the principles set forth in the present Charter.
7. In the planning and implementation of social and economic development activities, due account shall be taken of the fact that the conservation of nature is an integral part of those activities.
8. In formulating long-term plans for economic development, population growth and the improvement of standards of living, due account shall be taken of the long-term capacity of natural systems to ensure the subsistence and settlement of the populations concerned, recognizing that this capacity may be enhanced through science and technology.
9. The allocation of areas of the earth to various uses shall be planned and due account shall be taken of the physical constraints, the biological productivity and diversity and the natural beauty of the areas concerned.
10. Natural resources shall not be wasted, but used with a restraint appropriate to the principles set forth in the present Charter, in accordance with the following rules:
(a) Living resources shall not be utilized in excess of their natural capacity for regeneration;
(b) The productivity of soils shall be maintained or enhanced through measures which safeguard their long-term fertility and the process of organic decomposition, and prevent erosion and all other forms of degradation;
(c) Resources, including water, which are not consumed as they are used shall be reused or recycled;
(d) Non-renewable resources which are consumed as they are used shall be exploited with restraint, taking into account their abundance, their rational possibilities of converting them for consumption, and the compatibility of their exploitation with the functioning of natural systems.
11. Activities which might have an impact on nature shall be controlled, and the best available technologies that minimize significant risks to nature or other adverse effects shall be used; in particular:
(a) Activities which are likely to cause irreversible damage to nature shall be avoided;
(b) Activities which are likely to pose a significant risk to nature shall be preceded by an exhaustive examination; their proponents shall demonstrate that expected benefits outweigh potential damage to nature, and where potential adverse effects are not fully understood, the activities should not proceed;
(c) Activities which may disturb nature shall be preceded by assessment of their consequences, and environmental impact studies of development projects shall be conducted sufficiently in advance, and if they are to be undertaken, such activities shall be planned and carried out so as to minimize potential adverse effects;
(d) Agriculture, grazing, forestry and fisheries practices shall be adapted to the natural characteristics and constraints of given areas;
(e) Areas degraded by human activities shall be rehabilitated for purposes in accord with their natural potential and compatible with the well-being of affected populations.
12. Discharge of pollutants into natural systems shall be avoided and:
(a) Where this is not feasible, such pollutants shall be treated at the source, using the best practicable means available;
(b) Special precautions shall be taken to prevent discharge of radioactive or toxic wastes.
13. Measures intended to prevent, control or limit natural disasters, infestations and diseases shall be specifically directed to the causes of these scourges and shall avoid averse side-effects on nature.
III. IMPLEMENTATION
14. The principles set forth in the present Charter shall be reflected in the law and practice of each State, as well as at the international level.
15. Knowledge of nature shall be broadly disseminated by all possible means, particularly by ecological education as an integral part of general education.
16. All planning shall include, among its essential elements, the formulation of strategies for the conservation of nature, the establishment of inventories of ecosystems and assessments of the effects on nature of proposed policies and activities; all of these elements shall be disclosed to the public by appropriate means in time to permit effective consultation and participation.
17. Funds, programmes and administrative structures necessary to achieve the objective of the conservation of nature shall be provided.
18. Constant efforts shall be made to increase knowledge of nature by scientific research and to disseminate such knowledge unimpeded by restrictions of any kind.
19. The status of natural processes, ecosystems and species shall be closely monitored to enable early detection of degradation or threat, ensure timely intervention and facilitate the evaluation of conservation policies and methods.
20. Military activities damaging to nature shall be avoided.
21. States and, to the extent they are able, other public authorities, international organizations, individuals, groups and corporations shall:
(a) Co-operate in the task of conserving nature through common activities and other relevant actions, including information exchange and consultations;
(b) Establish standards for products and other manufacturing processes that may have adverse effects on nature, as well as agreed methodologies for assessing these effects;
(c) Implement the applicable international legal provisions for the conservation of nature and the protection of the environment;
(d) Ensure that activities within their jurisdictions or control do not cause damage to the natural systems located within other States or in the areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;
(e) Safeguard and conserve nature in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
22. Taking fully into account the sovereignty of States over their natural resources, each State shall give effect to the provisions of the present Charter through its competent organs and in co-operation with other States.
23. All persons, in accordance with their national legislation, shall have the opportunity to participate, individually or with others, in the formulation of decisions of direct concern to their environment, and shall have access to means of redress when their environment has suffered damage or degradation.
24. Each person has a duty to act in accordance with the provisions of the present Charter, acting individually, in association with others or through participation in the political process, each person shall strive to ensure that the objectives and requirements of the present Charter are met.
生态平衡 生态系统的概念：
生态系统中的能量流和物质循环在通常情况下（没有受到外力的剧烈干扰）总是平稳地进行着,与此同时生态系统的结构也保持相对的稳定状态,这叫做生态平衡.
在生态系统内部,生产者、消费者、分解者和非生物环境之间,在一定时间内保持能量与物质输入、输出动态的相对稳定状态.如果生态系统受到外界干扰超过它本身自动调节的能力,会导致生态平衡的破坏.生态平衡是生态系统在一定时间内结构和功能的相对稳定状态,其物质和能量的输入输出接近相等,在外来干扰下能通过自我调节（或人为控制）恢复到原初的稳定状态.当外来干扰超越生态系统的自我控制能力而不能恢复到原初状态时谓之生态失调或生态平衡的破坏.生态平衡是动态的.维护生态平衡不只是保持其原初稳定状态.生态系统可以在人为有益的影响下建立新的平衡,达到更合理的结构、更高效的功能和更好的生态效益.上述定义表明：
（1）自然生态系统经过由简单到复杂的长期演代,最后形成相对稳定状态,发展至此,其物种在种类和数量上保持相对稳定；能量的输入、输出接近相等,即系统中的能量流动和物质循环能较长时间保持平衡状态.此时,系统中的有机体将所有有效的空间都填满,环境资源能被最合理、最有效地利用.例如,热带雨林就是一种发展到成熟阶段的群落,其垂直分层现象明显,结构复杂,单位面积里的物种多,各自占据着有利的环境条件,彼此协调地生活在一起,其生产力也高；
（2）生态系统具有一定的内部调节能力.
（3）生态平衡是动态的.在生物进化和群落演替过程中就包含不断打破旧的平衡,建立新的平衡的过程.人类应从自然界中受到启示,不要消极地看待生态平衡,而是发挥主观能动性,去维护适合人类需要的生态平衡（如建立自然保护区）,或打破不符合自身要求的旧平衡,建立新平衡（如把沙漠改造成绿洲）,使生态系统的结构更合理,功能更完善,效益更高.
生态平衡是整个生物圈保持正常的生命维持系统的重要条件,为人类提供适宜的环境条件和稳定的物质资源.
生态平衡是指生态系统内两个方面的稳定：一方面是生物种类（即生物、植物、微生物.有机物）的组成和数量比例相对稳定；另一方面是非生物环境（包括空气、阳光、水、土壤等）保持相对稳定.生态平衡是一种动态平衡.比如,生物个体会不断发生更替,但总体上看系统保持稳定,生物数量没有剧烈变化.
生态系统一旦失去平衡,会发生非常严重的连锁性后果.例如,五十年代,我国曾发起把麻雀作为"四害"来消灭的运动.可是在大量捕杀了麻雀之后的几年里,却出现了严重的虫灾,使农业生产受到巨大的损失.
后来科学家们发现,麻雀是吃害虫的好手.消灭了麻雀,害虫没有了天敌,就大肆繁殖起来、导致了虫灾发生、农田绝收一系列惨痛的后果.生态系统的平衡往往是大自然经过了很长时间才建立起来的动态平衡.一旦受到破坏,有些平衡就无法重建了,带来的恶果可能是人的努力无法弥补的.因此人类要尊重生态平衡,帮助维护这个平衡,而绝不要轻易去破坏它.
其他定义：是指自然生态系统中生物与环境之间,生物与生物之间相互作用而建立起来的动态平衡联系.又称“自然平衡”.在自然界中,不论是森林、草原、湖泊------都是由动物、植物、微生物等生物成份和光、水、土壤、空气、温度等非生物成份所组成.每一个成分都并非是孤立存在的,而是相互联系、相互制约的统一综合体.它们之间通过相互作用达到一个相对稳定的平衡状态,称为生态平衡.实际上也就是在生态系统中生产、消费、分解之间地保持稳定.如果其中某一成分过于剧烈地发生改变,都可能出现一系列的连锁反应,使生态平衡遭到破坏.如果某种化学物质或某种化学元素过多地超过了自然状态下的正常含量,也会影响生态平衡.生态平衡是生物维持正常生长发育、生殖繁衍的根本条件,也是人类生存的基本条件!
生态平衡又称“自然平衡”.在自然界中,无论是森林、草原、湖泊------都是由动物、植物、微生物等生物成份和光、水、土壤、空气、温度等非生物成份所组成.每一个成分都并非是孤立存在的,而是相互联系、相互制约的统一综合体.它们之间通过相互作用达到一个相对稳定的平衡状态,称为生态平衡.实际上也就是在生态系统中生产、消费、分解之间地保持稳定.如果其中某一成分过于剧烈地发生改变,如大量繁殖,都可能出现一系列的连锁反应,使生态平衡遭到破坏.如果某种化学物质或某种化学元素过多地超过了自然状态下的正常含量,也会影响生态平衡.生态平衡是生物维持正常生长发育、生殖繁衍的根本条件,也是人类生存的基本条件.生态平衡遭到破坏,会使各类生物接灭绝.