英译汉--专有名词直接用即可,不需译,软件直译不给分哦Although global eradication through vaccination remains the priority of WHO’s policy on polio,some policy decisions for the pre-eradication era can be made independently of fu

英译汉--专有名词直接用即可,不需译,软件直译不给分哦Although global eradication through vaccination remains the priority of WHO’s policy on polio,some policy decisions for the pre-eradication era can be made independently of fu
英译汉--专有名词直接用即可,不需译,软件直译不给分哦
Although global eradication through vaccination remains the priority of WHO’s policy on polio,some policy decisions for the pre-eradication era can be made independently of future choices for vaccination in the post-eradication era.This paper covers the pre-eradication period only.Due to the great heterogeneity among countries in terms of achievements in polio control and elimination,the main objective of this position paper is to present the underlying principles so that countries can make their own policy decisions.The national choice of vaccines and vaccination schedules during the pre-eradication period must include either OPV or IPV,or a combination of both,and should be based on assessments of the probabilities and consequences of WPV importation.High immunization coverage is essential to ensure adequate population immunity.As long as WPV transmission has not been interrupted everywhere,all polio-free countries and areas remain at risk of reimportation,particularly from the countries where polio remains endemic.From 2003 to 2009,WHO recorded 133 WPV importation events in 29 previously polio-free countries (that is,the WPV detected was genetically determined to have originated in another country),leading to 60 outbreaks (defined as ≥2 genetically related cases) with a total burden of 2193 polio cases in 25 countries.53At this time,109 importation events (83%) have been controlled,and the affected countries have returned to polio-free status (that is,> 6 months have passed without detection of a genetically related case).However,outbreaks following 24 importation events in 13 countries are still active as of May 2010.The risk of importation with subsequent spread was highest in countries immediately bordering endemic countries,and was also higher in countries with low coverage of routine immunization.The transmission potential of poliovirus is primarily determined by the hygiene and sanitation standards of a country.In general,the transmission potential is much higher in tropical developing countries as compared with industrialized countries.In addition,other factors,such as population density,contact rates and mode of transmission (faecal-to-oral or oral-to-oral),determine the ease and speed of transmission in a given setting.OPV alone has been the vaccine of choice for controlling endemic and epidemic polio in most parts of the world because it is substantially superior to IPV in inducing intestinal mucosal immunity to decrease the spread of WPV; it also provides long-term immunity; it can boost immunity and indirectly immunize others through spread of vaccine viruses; it is easy to administer; and it is substantially cheaper than IPV.The mainly pharyngeal mucosal immunity induced by IPV may be comparable to that of OPV,but IPV has a much lower impact than OPV on replication and excretion of poliovirus in the lower intestinal tract.

英译汉--专有名词直接用即可,不需译,软件直译不给分哦Although global eradication through vaccination remains the priority of WHO’s policy on polio,some policy decisions for the pre-eradication era can be made independently of fu
OPV(口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗） IPV（灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗） WPV应该是小儿麻痹病毒,为书写方便,就直用英文了.以下是译文：
虽然通过接种疫苗仍然是世界卫生组织（WTO）在全球范围内根除小儿麻痹症的第一选择,但一些根除前时期的决策可以独立于未来的根除后时期的疫苗选择被制定出来.这篇论文仅包含根除前的阶段.因为不同国家在小儿麻痹症控制和消除的成就上的巨大的异质性,论文的主要目的是去呈现出潜在的原则以使不同的国家可以制定他们自己的决策.在根除前的时期,国家选择的疫苗和接种的日程表必须包含OPV或者IPV,或者两者的合剂,并且应当建立在对WPV输入的可能性和后果进行评估的基础之上.高免疫覆盖是确保足够的人口免疫力的基本条件.只要WPV传播不是在每一个地方都被打断（特别是在一些小儿麻痹流行国）,所有的无小儿麻痹症国家和地区仍有再感染的风险.从2003-2009年,世界卫生组织记录了29个国家的133例感染事件,而这些国家原本是没有小儿麻痹症的.（也就是说,被检测到的WPV从遗传上看一定是从别的国家产生的）,导致60例发病（不小于2例是遗传相关的病例）,25个国家一共有2193例.这次,109输入感染事件（83%)已经得到控制,并且这些受影响的国家又回复到了无小儿麻痹的状态（即超过六个月未检测到一例遗传相关的病例）.然而,在13个国家的24例输入感染之后,截止到2010年5月,发病率仍然活跃.输入感染和随后的扩散的危险性在一些与该病流行国直接接壤的国家达到最高,而在一些低疫苗覆盖率的国家危险性也很高.小儿麻痹病毒的传播可能性主要取决于一个国家的卫生和环境标准.总之,比较而言,热带的发展中国家比工业化国家的扩散可能性要大.此外,其他的因素,像人口密度,联系程度还有传播方式（口头传染还是吸入排泄物导致的感染）,决定着一个既定传播的缓和程度和速度.OPV是世界大部分国家控制小儿麻痹流行的唯一选择的疫苗,原因是它实质上比IPV高级,因为它能增强肠道粘膜免疫力从而降低WPV的传播能力,它还能提供长期的免疫力并且能增强免疫力,间接免疫通过疫苗传播的其他病毒.它很好管理并且比IPV便宜.IPV能与OPV相比较的就是它可以产生咽喉粘膜的免疫力,但IPV在药物反应和肠道末端的小儿麻痹病毒的排泄方面有比较小的影响.

虽然全球根除小儿麻痹疫苗仍然优先透过根除小儿麻痹的政策决策过程中,一些对pre-eradication时代可以独立于未来的选择post-eradication接种的时代。摘要主要pre-eradication时期。由于这个伟大国家间异质性的成果,控制和消除小儿麻痹的主要目的是现在这个位置的基本原则使国家能使自己的决策。这个国家的疫苗接种计划,在pre-eradication期间必须包括OPV或IP...

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虽然全球根除小儿麻痹疫苗仍然优先透过根除小儿麻痹的政策决策过程中,一些对pre-eradication时代可以独立于未来的选择post-eradication接种的时代。摘要主要pre-eradication时期。由于这个伟大国家间异质性的成果,控制和消除小儿麻痹的主要目的是现在这个位置的基本原则使国家能使自己的决策。这个国家的疫苗接种计划,在pre-eradication期间必须包括OPV或IPV,或两者的结合,并应根据评估的可能性及其后果的进口。WPV高免疫范围是必要的,确保有足够数量的免疫力。只要WPV到处传播已经不中断,所有的无小儿麻痹国家和地区仍然处于危险的,尤其是在国家reimportation小儿麻痹仍然是流行。从2003年到2009年,WPV输入事件记录133 29以前无小儿麻痹国家(也就是说,WPV检测是由基因决定的,是在另一个国家),导致≥60爆发(定义为2个基因相关案例)的负担,在25 countries.53At 2008 - 2010小儿麻痹病例,这一次,109输入事件(83%)已经被控制,受灾国家已经回到无小儿麻痹的地位(即> 6个月有了某种基因检测的有关情况)。然而,爆发事件后24进口13个国家仍然活跃的可能在2010年。进口和后续的风险最高的国家蔓延,并立即小儿麻痹流行国接壤国家也高与低覆盖的例行接种。传动潜在的小儿麻痹的疫情,主要是由卫生,卫生标准的一个国家。一般来说,transm

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