我需要关于加拿大的英文介绍.如下：Canada:History,Geography,Government,and Culture要英文的.

我需要关于加拿大的英文介绍.如下：Canada:History,Geography,Government,and Culture要英文的.
我需要关于加拿大的英文介绍.如下：Canada:History,Geography,Government,and Culture
要英文的.

我需要关于加拿大的英文介绍.如下：Canada:History,Geography,Government,and Culture要英文的.
History
The history of Canada covers the period from the arrival of Paleo-Indians thousands of years ago to the present day.Canada has been inhabited for millennia by distinctive groups of Aboriginal peoples,among whom evolved trade networks,spiritual beliefs,and social hierarchies.Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first European arrivals and have been discovered through archaeological investigations.Various treaties and laws have been enacted between European settlers and the Aboriginal populations.
Beginning in the late 15th century,French and British expeditions explored,and later settled,along the Atlantic coast.France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America to Britain in 1763 after the Seven Years' War.In 1867,with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation,Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces.This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the British Empire,which became official with the Statute of Westminster of 1931 and completed in the Canada Act of 1982,which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament.
Over centuries,elements of Aboriginal,French,British and more recent immigrant customs have combined to form a Canadian culture.Canada has also been strongly influenced by that of its linguistic,geographic and economic neighbour,the United States.Since the conclusion of the Second World War,Canadians have supported multilateralism abroad and socioeconomic development domestically.Canada currently consists of ten provinces and three territories and is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state.
Geography
Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America,sharing the land borders with the contiguous United States to the south and the U.S.state of Alaska to the northwest,stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean.By total area (including its waters),Canada is the second-largest country in the world,after Russia.By land area,Canada ranks fourth.
The country lies between latitudes 41掳 and 84掳N,and longitudes 52掳 and 141掳W.Since 1925,Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60掳 and 141掳W longitude,but this claim is not universally recognized.The northernmost settlement in Canada (and in the world) is Canadian Forces Station Alert on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island鈥攍atitude 82.5掳N鈥?17 kilometres (450 nautical miles,508 miles) from the North Pole.Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost.Canada also has the longest coastline in the world:202,080 kilometres (125,570 mi).
Since the last glacial period Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions,including extensive boreal forest on the Canadian Shield.Canada has more lakes than any other country,containing much of the world's fresh water.There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and the Coast Mountains.Canada is geologically active,having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes,notably Mount Meager,Mount Garibaldi,Mount Cayley,and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.The volcanic eruption of Tseax Cone in 1775 caused a catastrophic disaster,killing 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia; the eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi) lava flow,and according to legend of the Nisga'a people,it blocked the flow of the Nass River.
The population density,3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (8.5 /sq mi),is among the lowest in the world.The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City 鈥 Windsor Corridor,situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River.
Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary according to the location.Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country,particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces,which experience a continental climate,where daily average temperatures are near −15 掳C (5 掳F) but can drop below −40 掳C (−40 掳F) with severe wind chills.[In noncoastal regions,snow can cover the ground almost six months of the year (more in the north).Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate,with a mild and rainy winter.On the east and west coasts,average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s 掳C (70s 掳F),while between the coasts,the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 掳C (77 to 86 掳F),with occasional extreme heat in some interior locations exceeding 40 掳C (104 掳F).
Government
Canada has strong democratic traditions upheld through a parliamentary system within the construct of constitutional monarchy; the monarchy of Canada is the foundation of the executive,legislative,and judicial branches.The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II,who also serves as head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's ten provinces and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom.As such,the Queen's representative,the Governor General of Canada (presently David Lloyd Johnston),carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.
The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited;in practice,their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet,a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons and chosen and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada (presently Stephen Harper),the head of government.To ensure the stability of government,the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons.The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government,initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown,besides the aforementioned,the governor general,lieutenant governors,senators,federal court judges,and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies.The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (presently Nycole Turmel) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.[96]
The Senate chamber within the Centre Block on Parliament Hill
Each of the 308 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding.General elections must be called by the governor general,on the advice of the prime minister,within four years of the previous election,or may be triggered by the government losing a confidence vote in the House.The 105 members of the Senate,whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis,serve until age 75.Five parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2011 elections:the Conservative Party of Canada (governing party),the New Democratic Party (the Official Opposition),the Liberal Party of Canada,the Bloc Qu茅b茅cois,and the Green Party of Canada.The list of historical parties with elected representation is substantial.
Canada's federal structure divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces.Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons.Canada's three territories also have legislatures,but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces and with some structural differences.
Culture
Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and cultures,and has constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism.In Quebec,cultural identity is strong,and many French-speaking commentators speak of a culture of Quebec as distinguished from English Canadian culture; however,as a whole Canada is a cultural mosaic鈥攁 collection of several regional,aboriginal,and ethnic subcultures.Government policies such as publicly-funded health care,higher taxation to distribute wealth,outlawing capital punishment,strong efforts to eliminate poverty,an emphasis on multiculturalism,stricter gun control,and legalization of same-sex marriage are social indicators of how Canada's political and cultural evolution differs from that of the United States.