Science fair project:how plants prepare for winter我的science project 1月8号要给了帮帮我 how plants prepare for winter
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Science fair project:how plants prepare for winter我的science project 1月8号要给了帮帮我 how plants prepare for winter
Science fair project:how plants prepare for winter
我的science project 1月8号要给了帮帮我 how plants prepare for winter
Science fair project:how plants prepare for winter我的science project 1月8号要给了帮帮我 how plants prepare for winter
HOW PLANTS PREPARE FOR WINTER
All summer,with the long hours of sunlight and a good supply of liquid water,plants are busy making and storing food,and growing.But what about wintertime?The days are much shorter,and water is hard to get.Plants have found many different ways to get through the harsh days of winter.
Some plants,including many garden flowers,are called "annuals," which means they complete their life cycle in one growing season.They die when winter comes,but their seeds remain,ready to sprout again in the spring."Perennials" live for more than two years.This category includes trees and shrubs,as well as herbaceous plants with soft,fleshy stems.When winter comes,the woody parts of trees and shrubs can survive the cold.The above ground parts of herbaceous plants (leaves,stalks) will die off,but underground parts (roots,bulbs) will remain alive.In the winter,plants rest and live off stored food until spring.
As plants grow,they shed older leaves and grow new ones.This is important because the leaves become damaged over time by insects,disease and weather.The shedding and replacement continues all the time.In addition,deciduous trees,like maples,oaks and elms,shed all their leaves in the fall in preparation for winter.
"Evergreens" keep most of their leaves during the winter.They have special leaves,resistant to cold and moisture loss.Some,like pine and fir trees,have long thin needles.Others,like holly,have broad leaves with tough,waxy surfaces.On very cold,dry days,these leaves sometimes curl up to reduce their exposed surface.Evergreens may continue to photosynthesize during the winter as long as they get enough water,but the reactions occur more slowly at colder temperatures.
During summer days,leaves make more glucose than the plant needs for energy and growth.The excess is turned into starch and stored until needed.As the daylight gets shorter in the autumn,plants begin to shut down their food production.
Many changes occur in the leaves of deciduous trees before they finally fall from the branch.The leaf has actually been preparing for autumn since it started to grow in the spring.At the base of each leaf is a special layer of cells called the "abscission" or separation layer.All summer,small tubes which pass through this layer carry water into the leaf,and food back to the tree.In the fall,the cells of the abscission layer begin to swell and form a cork-like material,reducing and finally cutting off flow between leaf and tree.Glucose and waste products are trapped in the leaf.Without fresh water to renew it,chlorophyll begins to disappear.
The bright red and purple colors come from anthocyanin (an-thuh-'si-uh-nuhn) pigments.These are potent antioxidents common in many plants; for example,beets,red apples,purple grapes (and red wine),and flowers like violets and hyacinths.In some leaves,like maple leaves,these pigments are formed in the autumn from trapped glucose.Why would a plant use energy to make these red pigments,when the leaves will soon fall off?Some scientists think that the anthocyanins help the trees keep their leaves a bit longer.The pigments protect the leaves from the sun,and lower their freezing point,giving some frost protection.The leaves remain on the tree longer,and more of the sugars,nitrogen and other valuable substances can be removed before the leaves fall.Another possible reason has been proposed:when the leaves decay,the anthocyanins seep into the ground and prevent other plant species from growing in the spring.
Brown colors come from tannin,a bitter waste product.Other colors,which have been there all along,become visible when the chlorophyll disappears.The orange colors come from carotene ('kar-uh-teen) and the yellows from xanthophyll ('zan-thuh-fil).They are common pigments,also found in flowers,and foods like carrots,bananas and egg yolks.We do not know their exact role in leaves,but scientists think they may be involved somehow in photosynthesis.Different combinations of these pigments give us a wide range of colors each fall.
As the bottom cells in the separation layer form a seal between leaf and tree,the cells in the top of the separation layer begin to disintegrate.They form a tear-line,and eventually the leaf is blown away or simply falls from the tree.
One more important question remains.What causes the most spectacular display?The best place in the world for viewing fall colors is probably the Eastern United States.This is because of the climate there,and the wide variety of deciduous trees.The brightest colors are seen when late summer is dry,and autumn has bright sunny days and cool (low 40's Fahrenheit) nights.Then trees make a lot of anthocyanin pigments.A fall with cloudy days and warm nights brings drab colors.And an early frost quickly ends the colorful display.
教学资源开发
本课在学生理解了四季循环的基础上,进一步探寻四季对动植物的影响。自古以来,人们常常利用植物和动物的反应来预测天气的变化。
教材分为两个部分:
第一部分,四季的变化对动物的影响。教材首先展示的是拖足蜂、雷鸟在春、夏、秋、冬四个不同季节的变化情况。其次是探寻冬天到来时,动物过冬的方法。图中分别是蝙蝠、狗熊在冬眠,大雁迁徙到南方去过冬。
第二部分,探...
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教学资源开发
本课在学生理解了四季循环的基础上,进一步探寻四季对动植物的影响。自古以来,人们常常利用植物和动物的反应来预测天气的变化。
教材分为两个部分:
第一部分,四季的变化对动物的影响。教材首先展示的是拖足蜂、雷鸟在春、夏、秋、冬四个不同季节的变化情况。其次是探寻冬天到来时,动物过冬的方法。图中分别是蝙蝠、狗熊在冬眠,大雁迁徙到南方去过冬。
第二部分,探寻四季变化对植物的影响。银杏是比较普遍而且较为典型的植物,教材展示了银杏在不同的季节里的状况,同时还展示了更多的植物在不同季节里的状况。
本课的教学目标:
过程与方法
●会描述生物在季节交替中特征、行为的变化;
●能设计一些调查活动,解释四季变化对动植物的影响。
知识与技能
●知道四季的变化对拖足蜂、雷鸟、银杏等动植物的影响;
●知道生物的生长、变化、习性等是随季节变化的,建立事物间普遍联系的初步认识。
情感、态度与价值观
●体会四季对动植物所产生的适应性、奇妙性、并以一定的方式赞美。
教学准备:与四季变化相关的动植物变化的图片、文字制成的幻灯片。
教学过程设计
一、四季变化对动物的影响。
【说明】课文插图展示了拖足蜂春天采食花蜜,夏天产卵、繁殖后代,秋天建巢、储存过冬食物,冬天躲藏在巢穴中过冬的画面,使学生形象地认识到拖足蜂在不同季节的变化情况。接着描绘了雷鸟在不同的季节要换不同的羽毛。如夏天毛色深且毛被薄;冬天毛色淡,且毛被厚。并结合自己的观察,进一步了解很多动物到了秋天会长出厚厚的毛,能够让自己度过寒冷的冬天。这部分内容最好能制成活动幻灯片,把拖足蜂、雷鸟的四季变化展现出活的画面,能吸引学生,给他们留下更深刻的印象。
活动建议:
1、电脑出示拖足蜂的四季变化图。
说说拖足蜂在不同的季节里有什么变化?
2电脑出示雷鸟的羽毛变化图。
说说四季中雷鸟的羽毛是怎样变化的?
3、讨论:除此之外,你还知道哪些动物也有这样的变化呢?
4、学生交流:(梅花鹿、雪兔等)
5、小结。
【评析】通过播放声音、图像结合的幻灯片,以和谐优美的画面给学生美的享受。这样,学生在宽松的环境中自由思维、活动、发展,并能联系实际,唤起记忆,训练学生的思维。
【说明】动物冬眠,是动物生存过程中适应不良环境的一种方法。动物在冬眠期间,伏在窝里不吃也不动,呼吸次数减少,体温也降低,所消耗的营养物质也相对减少。课文展示了蝙蝠、狗熊冬眠的画面,而大雁则迁徙到南方去过冬。许多动物会随着季节的变化,很有规律地在繁殖地区与越冬地区之间搬两次家。
活动建议:
1、讨论:动物是怎样过冬的?
2、汇报。
3、提问:你还知道那些动物要冬眠?哪些动物要迁徙?
4、交流。
5、小结。
【评析】动物冬眠一般会选择比较隐蔽的地方,很少被人发现,因此学生也不易见到。教学中,通过出示有关画面,给学生以直观印象,同时,通过学生交流动物的越冬情况,增进了解,拓展知识。
二、四季变化对植物的影响。
【说明】四季对植物的影响,可以介绍树木,银杏是比较普遍而且较为典型的植物,教材展示了银杏在不同季节里的状况;同时还展示了更多的植物在春、夏、秋、冬不同季节的状况:春季百花齐放、夏季植物生长快速、秋季硕果累累、冬季植物休眠,“睡”到第二年春天才萌发生长。
活动建议:
1、电脑出示银杏的四季变化图。
说说银杏在不同的季节有什么不同?
2、出示百花齐放的春天
提问:这是什么季节?描述一下美丽的春季。
3、谈话:其他季节又是怎样的一番景象呢?
4、交流。
5、出示:快速生长的夏季、硕果累累的秋季、植物休眠的冬季。
说一说不同的季节植物有什么不同?
6、小结。
【评析】课前,教师搜集植物的四季变化图,课上,让学生欣赏。通过活动幻灯片的展示,给学生留下难忘的印象,容易激起学生求知的欲望。
三、课外活动。
1、寻访蜘蛛或蜗牛越冬的场所。
2、调查更多的动植物,解释四季变化对它们的影响。
【说明】这部分内容课外进行,主要是搜集资料,询问有经验的人,当然,条件许可的话,也可以实地考察。通过这个实践活动,使学生进一步了解四季对动植物的影响,同时培养他们的实践能力。
教学片断赏析
动物冬眠的教学片断
师:你们看见过蝙蝠吗?
生:(齐)见过。
师:什么时候见到的?
生:晚上。
生:我知道,为什么晚上才能见到蝙蝠?因为蝙蝠善于晚上活动。
师:不错。
生:我是在夏天见到蝙蝠的。
师:冬天看到过蝙蝠吗?
生:(齐)没有。
师:冬天,蝙蝠都到哪儿去了呢?
生:冬眠了。
师:你们知道蝙蝠是怎样冬眠的吗?
生:蝙蝠是倒挂在树上的。
生:蝙蝠冬眠不吃也不动。
生:那为什么不会饿死呢?
师:是呀。是什么原因呢?
生:因为它们在冬眠前就做好了准备工作。
生:他们在身体内部积累了很多营养物质。
生:而且它们一动也不动能节省能量。
师:很好。动物冬眠前都要做好准备工作,冬眠时降低体温以节省能量。那么,除蝙蝠外,你还知道哪些动物要冬眠呢?
生:蛇、刺猬。
生:狗熊、乌龟。
生:还有蜗牛。
师:不错。同学们知道的还真不少。课后请大家去寻访蜘蛛或蜗牛越冬的场所。
【片断评析】动物冬眠并不是每一个同学都见到过,本教学环节,通过师生之间的交流,使学生了解一些动物冬眠的知识,从而进一步理解四季对动物的影响。
教学手记
交流与倾听让学生有机会接触到更多的观点,让他们明白一个问题可以从多方面去考虑,科学学习不再追求唯一的标准答案,研究过程比研究结果显得更为重要。本课教学,通过活动幻灯片的展示,让学生参与讨论、交流,充分发挥了他们的主动性,把对学生科学素养的养成落实到具体的教学环节上,同时,学生的语言表达能力也得到了提高。
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