求新闻高手帮忙（精通英语）···急!结合个人的认识,用英文写一篇短文,分析说明新闻自由的意义,字数1000字左右一直关注着这个问题 如果有答案 第一时间给分 谢谢各位大大了 帮帮忙 我

求新闻高手帮忙（精通英语）···急!结合个人的认识,用英文写一篇短文,分析说明新闻自由的意义,字数1000字左右一直关注着这个问题 如果有答案 第一时间给分 谢谢各位大大了 帮帮忙 我
求新闻高手帮忙（精通英语）···急!
结合个人的认识,用英文写一篇短文,分析说明新闻自由的意义,字数1000字左右
一直关注着这个问题 如果有答案 第一时间给分 谢谢各位大大了 帮帮忙 我很急

求新闻高手帮忙（精通英语）···急!结合个人的认识,用英文写一篇短文,分析说明新闻自由的意义,字数1000字左右一直关注着这个问题 如果有答案 第一时间给分 谢谢各位大大了 帮帮忙 我
国人写这个 Press Freedom and Democracy（新闻自由与民主）的主题还是蛮敏感的.就连你提问的这个网络,我放些维基的link都不行,有些词汇在国内是被封锁的.我简单引用一点Central Michigan University某人的一篇Press Freedom in Asia的文章内容,你可以删选自己需要的句子去写点东西.
When theories have major difficulties in providing a guide to the understanding of the realities they are supposed to describe,new paradigms or improvements on the existing theories are needed,so are the criteria of the Freedom House for assessing global press freedom when their rankings can be misleading.Obviously,more factors have to be taken into consideration than each country’s laws and administration,the degree of political and economic influence on the content of journalism and actual cases of press-freedom violations,which now determine the score (Sussman,1999) and which fail to reflect the sweeping changes on the Chinese press scene.
In the Last Rights,the authors concluded that the four theories were a “durable” but now “questionable” map and that a “more adequate” map is needed (Nerone,1995,p.181).The book presented inspiring criticism of the four theories but stopped short of proposing a new paradigm in creating new theories.But such efforts are urgently needed if we want to draw up a “more adequate” guide to the world’s myriad changing press systems.
It may be suggested that one major factor to consider in building a new paradigm is the optimal balance between specification and universality.The four theories of the press have the beauty and elegance of a very simple but clear structure – four categories under a dichotomy,which aimed to cover all the press systems in the world.Conveniently general as they are,the four or five theories have difficulties in providing a reliable guide to the global press systems.The universality of the theories is limited.However,if we try too hard at being specific and accurate in describing press systems,we may end up with as many press theories as the number of press systems that exist.
Another important factor in building a more reliable theoretical guide may be that more dynamics need to be built into the theories so that they can accommodate the changes in the press systems around the world.Obviously,press systems in new democracies in Eastern Europe are very different from the press systems in the West even though they all operate under democratic systems now.The press systems in new democracies in Asia,such as Indonesia,Cambodia,the Philippines,Taiwan and South Korea,vary from those in Eastern Europe despite the fact that they are all new democracies.And the communist press system in China today cannot be compared with the Chinese press system two decades ago,let alone the original Soviet communist model.It would defeat the purpose of having theories if every time changes occur,new theories have to be created.
The last but not the least important factor to consider is that the press theories that are supposed to describe world press systems have to have a wider base to reflect a broader,more balanced global view.Given adequate attention to factors,such as Oriental history and culture,African and South American perspectives and economic pressure,the imperfections of the established theories caused by the authors’ Western bias and their sole focus on political or governmental influence may be corrected.
In building a new paradigm for press theories,new ways of thinking should be adopted as press control comes in many ways and forms,including social and professional institutions.And press theories do not have to be limited to address the issue of press freedom and government control alone,they can describe stages of press development and the level of public involvement as well.The possibilities of the new paradigm are limitless as well as challenges.But one thing is certain.The task is made much easier given the high starting point of the four theories of the press.The task is daunting but also exciting.This paper hopes to inspire wider interest in the topic.
你也可以用自己知道的英文词条去搜索一些类似的英语文章报道,譬如：
freedom of speech and the press（确保言论和新闻自由）；
A weariless defender of freedom of the press（一个不屈不挠的新闻自由的捍卫者）；
our religious freedoms,press freedom and civil liberties.
（我们继续享有宗教自由、新闻自由和公民自由）；
等等～

Freedom of the press consists of constitutional or statutory protections pertaining to the media and published materials.
With respect to governmental information, any government distinguishes whi...

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Freedom of the press consists of constitutional or statutory protections pertaining to the media and published materials.
With respect to governmental information, any government distinguishes which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public based on classification of information as sensitive, classified or secret and being otherwise protected from disclosure due to relevance of the information to protecting the national interest. Many governments are also subject to sunshine laws or freedom of information legislation that are used to define the ambit of national interest.
Basic principles and criteria
"I fear three newspapers more than a hundred thousand bayonets."
— Napoleon Bonaparte [1]
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers"
This philosophy is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degrees of freedom of scientific research (known as scientific freedom), publishing, press and printing the depth to which these laws are entrenched in a country's legal system can go as far down as its constitution. The concept of freedom of speech is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to media and individuals.
Besides legal definitions, some non-governmental organizations use other criteria to judge the level of press freedom around the world:
Reporters Without Borders considers the number of journalists murdered, expelled or harassed, and the existence of a state monopoly on TV and radio, as well as the existence of censorship and self-censorship in the media, and the overall independence of media as well as the difficulties that foreign reporters may face.
The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) uses the tools of journalism to help journalists by tracking press freedom issues throuoel ole ole o, hey girl olegh independent research, fact-finding missions, and firsthand contacts in the field, including local working journalists in countries around the world. CPJ shares information on breaking cases with other press freedom organizations worldwide through the International Freedom of Expression Exchange, a global e-mail network. CPJ also tracks journalist deaths and detentions. CPJ staff applies strict criteria for each case; researchers independently investigate and verify the circumstances behind each death or imprisonment.
Freedom House likewise studies the more general political and economic environments of each nation in order to determine whether relationships of dependence exist that limit in practice the level of press freedom that might exist in theory. So the concept of independence of the press is one closely linked with the concept of press freedom.
Worldwide press freedom index
Every year, Reporters Without Borders establishes a ranking of countries in terms of their freedom of the press. The Worldwide press freedom index list is based on responses to surveys sent to journalists that are members of partner organisations of the RWB, as well as related specialists such as researchers, jurists and human rights activists. The survey asks questions about direct attacks on journalists and the media as well as other indirect sources of pressure against the free press, such as pressure on journalists by non-governmental groups. RWB is careful to note that the index only deals with press freedom, and does not measure the quality of journalism.
In 2003, the countries where press was the most free were Finland, Iceland, the Netherlands In 2004, apart from the above countries, Denmark, Ireland, Slovakia, Portugal and Switzerland were tied at the top of the list, followed by New Zealand and Latvia.
The country with the least degree of press freedom was North Korea, followed by Burma, Turkmenistan, People's Republic of China (mainland only), Vietnam, Nepal, and Iran.
[edit] Non-democratic states
According to Reporters Without Borders, more than a third of the world's people live in countries where there is no press freedom. Overwhelmingly, these people live in countries where there is no system of democracy or where there are serious deficiencies in the democratic process.Freedom of the press is an extremely problematic problem/concept for most non-democratic systems of government since, in the modern age, strict control of access to information is critical to the existence of most non-democratic governments and their associated control systems and security apparatus. To this end, most non-democratic societies employ state-run news organizations to promote the propaganda critical to maintaining an existing political power base and suppress (often very brutally, through the use of police, military, or intelligence agencies) any significant attempts by the media or individual journalists to challenge the approved "government line" on contentious issues. In such countries, journalists operating on the fringes of what is deemed to be acceptable will very often find themselves the subject of considerable intimidation by agents of the state. This can range from simple threats to their professional careers (firing, professional blacklisting) to death threats, kidnapping, torture, and assassination. Reporters Without Borders reports that, in 2003, 42 journalists lost their lives pursuing their profession and that, in the same year, at least 130 journalists were in prison as a result of their occupational activities. In 2005, 63 journalists and 5 media assistants were killed worldwide.
The Lira Baysetova case in Kazakhstan.
In Nepal, Eritrea and China (mainland only), journalists may spend years in jail simply for using the "wrong" word or photo.[2]
The Georgiy R. Gongadze case in Ukraine (information needed, spammer removed information)
According to the Press Freedom Index for 2007, Iran ranked 166th out of 169 nations. Only three other countries - Eritrea, North Korea and Turkmenistan - had more restrictions on news media freedom than Iran.[3] The government of Ali Khamenei and the Supreme National Security Council had imprisoned 50 journalists in 2007 and had all but eliminated press freedom.[4] Reporters Without Borders (RWB) has dubbed Iran the "Middle East's biggest prison for journalists."
Poland
Freedom of Press laws are first passed in the Commonwealth in 1532.[12]
[edit] Sweden
The world's first Freedom of the Press Act was introduced in Sweden in 1766.[13][14][15][16][17]
[edit] Denmark-Norway
Between September 4, 1770 and October 7, 1771 the kingdom of Denmark-Norway had the most unrestricted freedom of press of any country in Europe. This occurred during the regime of Johann Friedrich Struensee, whose first act was to abolish the old censorship laws. However, due to the great amount of mostly anonymous pamphlets published that was critical and often slanderous towards Struensees own regime, he reinstated some restrictions regarding the freedom of press a year later, October 7 1771.[18]
[edit] England
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England established parliamentary sovereignty over the Crown and, above all, the right of revolution. A major contributor to Western liberal theory was John Locke. Locke argued in Two Treatises of Government that the individual placed some of his rights present in the state of nature in trusteeship with the sovereign (government) in return for protection of certain natural individual rights. A social contract was entered into by the people.
Until 1694, England had an elaborate system of licensing. No publication was allowed without the accompaniment of a government-granted license. Fifty years earlier, at a time of civil war, John Milton wrote his pamphlet Areopagitica. In this work Milton argued forcefully against this form of government censorship and parodied the idea, writing "when as debtors and delinquents may walk abroad without a keeper, but unoffensive books must not stir forth without a visible jailer in their title." Although at the time it did little to halt the practice of licensing it would be viewed later a significant milestone in press freedom.
Milton's central argument was that the individual is capable of using reason and distinguishing right from wrong, good from bad. In order to be able to exercise this ration right, the individual must have unlimited access to the ideas of his fellow men in “a free and open encounter." From Milton's writings developed the concept of the open marketplace of ideas, the idea that when people argue against each other, the good arguments will prevail. One form of speech that was widely restricted in England was seditious libel, and laws were in place that made criticizing the government a crime. The King was above public criticism and statements critical of the government were forbidden, according to the English Court of the Star Chamber. Truth was not a defense to seditious libel because the goal was to prevent and punish all condemnation of the government.
John Stuart Mill approached the problem of authority versus liberty from the viewpoint of a 19th century utilitarian: The individual has the right of expressing himself so long as he does not harm other individuals. The good society is one in which the greatest number of persons enjoy the greatest possible amount of happiness. Applying these general principles of liberty to freedom of expression, Mill states that if we silence an opinion, we may silence the truth. The individual freedom of expression is therefore essential to the well-being of society.
Mill’s application of the general principles of liberty is expressed in his book On Liberty: "If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and one, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind".
[edit] Nazi Germany
The dictatorship of Adolf Hitler largely suppressed freedom of the press through Joseph Goebbels' Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. As the Ministry's name implies, propaganda did not carry the negative connotations that it does today (or did in the Allied countries); how-to manuals were openly distributed by that same ministry explaining the craft of effective propaganda. The Ministry also acted as a central control-point for all media, issuing orders as to what stories could be run and what stories would be suppressed. Anyone involved in the film industry -- from directors to the lowliest assistant -- had to sign an oath of loyalty to the Nazi Party, due to opinion-changing power Goebbels perceived movies to have. (Goebbels himself maintained some personal control over every single film made in Nazi Europe.) Journalists who crossed the Propaganda Ministry were routinely imprisoned or shot as traitors.
[edit] India
The Indian Constitution, while not mentioning the word "press", provides for "the right to freedom of speech and expression" (Article 19(1) a). However this right is subject to restrictions under sub clause (2), whereby this freedom can be restricted for reasons of "sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, preserving decency, preserving morality, in relation to contempt, court, defamation, or incitement to an offense". Laws such as the Official Secrets Act and Prevention of Terrorism Act[19] (PoTA) have been used to limit press freedom. Under PoTA, person could be detained for up to six months for being in contact with a terrorist or terrorist group. PoTA was repealed in 2006, but the Official Secrets Act 1923 continues.
For the first half-century of independence, media control by the state was the major constraint on press freedom. Indira Gandhi famously stated in 1975 that All India Radio is "a Government organ, it is going to remain a Government organ..."[20] With the liberalization starting in the 1990s, private control of media has burgeoned, leading to increasing independence and greater scrutiny of government. Organizations like Tehelka and NDTV have been particularly influential, e.g. in bringing about the resignation of powerful Haryana minister Venod Sharma.however this freedom of speech and expression is automatically canceled during emergency. The word Reasonable was not present in the original article 19(1)(a. But this was later on added to this article, and presently in India there are number of organizations who are really influential.
[edit] Italy
Main article: Freedom of the press in Italy
[edit] Russia
Main article: Media freedom in Russia
[edit] United States
Main article: Freedom of the press in the United States
[edit] Implications of new technologies
Many of the traditional means of delivering information are being slowly superseded by the increasing pace of modern technological advance. Almost every conventional mode of media and information dissemination has a modern counterpart that offers significant potential advantages to journalists seeking to maintain and enhance their 'freedom of speech'. A few simple examples of such phenomena include:
Terrestrial television versus satellite television: Whilst terrestrial television is relatively easy to manage and manipulate, satellite television is much more difficult to control as journalistic content can easily be broadcast from other jurisdictions beyond the control of individual governments. An example of this in the Middle East is the satellite broadcaster Al Jazeera. This Arabic language media channel operates out of the 'relatively liberal' state of Qatar, and often presents views and content that are problematic to a number of governments in the region and beyond. However, because of the increased affordability and miniaturisation of satellite technology (e.g. dishes and receivers) it is simply not practicable for most states to control popular access to the channel.
Web-based publishing (e.g., blogging) vs. traditional publishing: Traditional magazines and newspapers rely on physical resources (e.g. offices, printing presses) that can easily be targeted and forced to close down. Web-based publishing systems can be run using ubiquitous and inexpensive equipment and can operate from any global jurisdiction. To get control over web publications, nations and organisations are using Geolocation and Geolocation software.
Voice over Internet protocol (VOIP) vs. conventional telephony: Although conventional telephony systems are easily tapped and recorded, modern VOIP technology can employ sophisticated encryption systems to evade central monitoring systems. As VOIP and similar technologies become more widespread they are likely to make the effective monitoring of journalists (and their contacts and activities) a very difficult task for governments.
Naturally, governments are responding to the challenges posed by