英语翻译因为老师很变态 所以需要马上交 就可以马上拜托他 重新做人了The relationship between rates of genomic evolution and organismal adaptation remains uncertain,despite considerable interest.The feasibility of obtaining

英语翻译因为老师很变态 所以需要马上交 就可以马上拜托他 重新做人了The relationship between rates of genomic evolution and organismal adaptation remains uncertain,despite considerable interest.The feasibility of obtaining
英语翻译
因为老师很变态 所以需要马上交 就可以马上拜托他 重新做人了
The relationship between rates of genomic evolution and organismal adaptation remains uncertain,despite considerable interest.The feasibility of obtaining genome sequences from experimentally evolving populations offers the opportunity to investigate this relationship with new precision.Here we sequence genomes sampled through 40,000 generations from a laboratory population of Escherichia coli.Although adaptation decelerated sharply,genomic evolution was nearly constant for 20,000 generations.Such clock-like regularity is usually viewed as the signature of neutral evolution,but several lines of evidence indicate that almost all of these mutations were beneficial.This same population later evolved an elevated mutation rate and accumulated hundreds of additional mutations dominated by a neutral signature.Thus,the coupling between genomic and adaptive evolution is complex and can be counterintuitive even in a constant environment.In particular,beneficial substitutions were surprisingly uniform over time,whereas neutral substitutions were highly variable.
Adaptation has often been viewed as a gradual process.Darwin1
wrote that ‘‘We see nothing of these slow changes in progress,until
the hand of time has marked the long lapse of ages…’’.Theoretical
work in quantitative genetics supported this view by showing that
gradual adaptation would result from constant selection on many
mutations of small effect2.However,an alternative model of evolution
on rugged fitness landscapes challenged this perspective3 and,
later,empirical evidence was found for alternating periods of rapid
phenotypic evolution and stasis in some lineages4,5.The causes of
variation in the rate of adaptation remain controversial and are
probably diverse.They may include changes in the environment,in
circumstances promoting or impeding gene flow,and in opportunities
for refinement following the origin of key innovations or the invasion
of new habitats,among other factors6–11.

英语翻译因为老师很变态 所以需要马上交 就可以马上拜托他 重新做人了The relationship between rates of genomic evolution and organismal adaptation remains uncertain,despite considerable interest.The feasibility of obtaining
尽管很感兴趣,但是基因进化速率和有机体适应之间的关系仍然不确定.从实验进化群体中得到基因序列的可行性为更精密地检测他们之间的关系提供了可能.这里,我们从实验室大肠杆菌群体中抽取40,000个同一代个体测基因组序列.虽然适应性快速下降,但是20,000个同代体基因组的进化几乎是一成不变的.这种生物钟类的规律经常被认为是中性进化的标志,但是许多证据暗示几乎所有突变体是有益的.这一相同的群体之后则是以不断上升的突变速率进化的,并且在中性信号调控下累积了数百个额外的突变体.这样,基因组的和适应性的进化之间的关系是复杂的,并且在一个稳定的环境中他们的关系与我们直觉相背离.尤其是随着时间的推移,有益的替换出人意料的统一,而中性替换则存在高度变异.
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