帮忙翻译一段文字,物理方面的3. Magnetic method exemplar: in-situ assessment of postweld heat treatment of welded pipes The primary advantages of magnetic methods are that they are very rapid and cost effective; measurements normally being

帮忙翻译一段文字,物理方面的3. Magnetic method exemplar: in-situ assessment of postweld heat treatment of welded pipes The primary advantages of magnetic methods are that they are very rapid and cost effective; measurements normally being
帮忙翻译一段文字,物理方面的
3. Magnetic method exemplar: in-situ assessment of postweld heat treatment of welded pipes The primary advantages of magnetic methods are that they are very rapid and cost effective; measurements normally being made in seconds and spatial resolutions and penetrations are usually millimetres (excluding Barkhausen noise which is con?ned to the surface) [12,18,19].Furthermore, they can be readily applied in an industrial environment such as found at nuclear plants. However,
their traditional weakness has been the complex and poorly understood sensitivity to all manner of microstructural features, as well as the stress state. By incorporating several magnetic parameters into an analysis procedure such as
that used on the commercial MAPS TM system [12,20,21] absolute biaxial stress levels can be determined for a wide range of industrial materials by providing suf?cient information to discriminate various microstructural changes and provide corrections for poor surface quality and geometric in?uences. For most experimental work, the system is calibrated against known stress levels, and then theoretical formulae are used to interpolate the calibrations. An important issue in welded nuclear pipework is the control of levels of residual stress associated with pipe-to-pipe and pipe-to-branch weldments.
Depending on the environmental conditions, signi?cant levels of tensile stress can lead to creep,

帮忙翻译一段文字,物理方面的3. Magnetic method exemplar: in-situ assessment of postweld heat treatment of welded pipes The primary advantages of magnetic methods are that they are very rapid and cost effective; measurements normally being
3.磁法的典范：焊接钢管的磁性方法的主要优点是非常快速和成本有效的焊后热处理现场评估；测量通常是在秒分辨率和空间分辨率和穿透了通常是毫米（不包括巴克豪森噪声是骗子?奈德的表面）[ 12,18,19 ].此外,他们可以很容易地应用在工业环境中这种核电站的发现.不过,
传统的弱点是复杂且很难理解各种各样的微观结构特征的敏感性,以及应力状态.通过将几个磁性参数为一个分析程序,如
用于商业地图TM系统[ 12,20,21 ]绝对的双轴应力水平可确定的范围广泛的工业材料提供充分的?有效的信息的各种微观结构的变化,区分为表面质量差和几何校正?的影响.对于大多数的实验工作,该系统对已知的应力水平校准的理论公式,然后用于内插的校准.一个重要的问题,在焊核管道的管,管与管的分支接头的残余应力水平相关的控制.
根据重要环境条件,拉伸应力受水平会导致蠕变,

谷歌翻译