培根 论求知 原文培根的〈论求知〉的 原文!

培根 论求知 原文培根的〈论求知〉的 原文!
培根 论求知 原文
培根的〈论求知〉的 原文!

培根 论求知 原文培根的〈论求知〉的 原文!
培 根
论求知
求知可以作为消遣,可以作为装饰,也可以增长才干.
当你孤独寂寞时,阅读可以消遣.当你高谈阔论时,知识可供装饰.当你处世行
事时,正确运用知识意味着力量.懂得事物因果的人是幸福的.有实际经验的人虽能
够办理个别性的事务,但若要综观整体,运筹全局,却唯有掌握知识方能办到.
求知太慢会弛惰,为装潢而求知是自欺欺人,完全照书本条条办事会变成偏执的
书呆子.
求知可以改进人和天性,而实验又可以改进知识本身.人的天性犹如野生的花草,
求知学习好比修剪移栽.实习尝试则可检验修正知识本身的真伪.
狡诈者轻鄙学问,愚鲁者羡慕学问,唯聪明者善于运用学问.知识本身并没有告
诉人怎样运用它,运用的方法乃在书本之外.这是一门技艺.不经实验就不能学到.
不可专为挑剔辩驳去读书,但也不可轻易相信书本.求知的目的不是为了吹嘘炫耀,
而应该是为了寻找真理,启迪智慧.
有的知识只须浅尝,有的知识只要粗知.只有少数专门知识需要深入钻研,仔细
揣摩.所以,有的书只要读其中一部分,有的书只须知其中梗概即可,而对于少数好
书,则要精读,细读,反复地读.
有的书可以请人代读,然后看他的笔记摘要就行了.但这只限于质量粗劣的书.
否则一本好书将象已被蒸馏过的水,变得淡而无味了!
读书使人的头脑充实,讨论使人明辩是非,作笔记则能使知识精确.
因此,如果一个人还原做笔记,他的记忆力就必须强而可靠.如果一个人只愿孤
独探索,他的头脑就必须格外锐利.如果有人不读书又想冒充博学多知,他就必定很
狡黠,才能掩饰他的无知.
读史使人明智,读诗使人聪慧,演算使人精密,哲理使人深刻,伦理学使人有修
养,逻辑修辞使人善辩.总之,“知识能塑造人的性格”.
不仅如此,精神上的各种缺陷,都可以通过求知来改善----正如身体上的缺陷,
可以通过运动为改善一样.例如打球有利于腰肾,射箭可扩胸利肺,散步则有助于消
化,骑术使人反应敏捷,等等.同样,一个思维不集中的人,他可以研习数学,因为
数学稍不仔细就去出错.缺乏分析判断力的人,他可以研习经院哲学,因为这门学问
最讲究繁琐辩证.不善于推理的人,可以研习法律学,如此等等.这种种头脑上的缺
陷,可可以通过求知来疗治.
论爱情
舞台上的爱情比生活中的爱情要美好得多.因为在舞台上,爱情只是喜剧和悲剧
的素材,而在人生中,爱情却常常招来不幸.它有时象那位诱惑人的魔女,有时又象
那位复仇的女神.
你可以看到,一切真正伟大的人物（无论是古人、今人,只要是其英名永铭于人
类记忆中的）,没有一个是因爱情而发狂的人.因为伟大的事业抑制了这种软弱的感
情.只有罗马的安东尼和克劳底亚是例外.前者本性就好色荒淫,然而后者却是严肃
多谋的人.这说明爱情不仅会占领开旷坦阔的胸怀,有时也能闯入壁垒森严的心灵--
--假如守御不严的话.
埃辟克拉斯间说过一句笨话：“人生不过是一座大戏台.”似乎本应努力追求高
尚事业的人类,却只应象玩偶般地逢场作戏.虽然爱情的奴隶并不同于那班只顾吃喝
的禽兽,但毕竟也只是眼目色相的奴隶,而上帝赐人以眼睛本来是有更高尚的用途的.
过度的爱情追求,必然会降低人本身的价值.例如,只有在爱情中,才总是需要
那种浮夸谄媚的词令.而在其它场合,同样的辞令只能招人耻笑.古人有一句名言：
“最大的奉承,人总是留给自己的.”----只有对情人的奉承要算例外.因为甚至最
骄傲的人,也甘愿在情人面前自轻自贱.所以古人说得好：“就是神在爱情中也难保
持聪明.”情人的这种弱点不仅在外人眼中是明显的,就是在被追求者的眼中也会很
明显----除非她（他）也在追求他（她）.所以,爱情的代价就是如此,不能得到回
爱,就会得到一种深藏于心的轻蔑,这是一条永真的定律.
由此可见,人们应当十分警惕这种感情.因为它不但会使人丧失其他,而且可以
使人丧失自己本身.至于其他方面的损失,古诗人早就告诉我们,那追求海伦的人,
是放弃了财富和智慧的.
当人心最软弱的时候,爱情最容易入侵,那就是当人春风得意、忘乎所以和处境
窘困孤独凄零的时候,虽然后者未必能得到爱情.人在这样的时候,最急于跳入爱情
的火焰中.由此可见,“爱情”实在是“愚蠢”的儿子.但有一些人,即使心中有了
爱,仍能约束它,使它不妨碍重大的事业.因为爱情一旦干扰情绪,就会阻碍人坚定
地奔向既定的目标.
我不懂是什么缘故,许多军人更容易堕入情网,也许这正象他们嗜爱饮酒一样,
是因为危险的生活更需要欢乐的补偿.
人心中可能普遍具有一种博爱倾向,若不集中于某个专一的对象身上,就必然施
之于更广泛的大众,使他成为仁善的人,象有的僧侣那样.
夫妻的爱,使人类繁衍.朋友的爱,给人以帮助.但那荒淫纵欲的爱,却只会使
人堕落毁灭啊!

Of Studies
STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and
for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in
privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in dis-
course; and for ability, is ...

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Of Studies
STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and
for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in
privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in dis-
course; and for ability, is in the judgment, and
disposition of business. For expert men can exe-
cute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one;
but the general counsels, and the plots and mar-
shalling of affairs, come best, from those that are
learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth;
to use them too much for ornament, is affectation;
to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the
humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are
perfected by experience: for natural abilities are
like natural plants, that need proyning, by study;
and studies themselves, do give forth directions too
much at large, except they be bounded in by ex-
perience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men
admire them, and wise men use them; for they
teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom with-
out them, and above them, won by observation.
Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe
and take for granted; nor to find talk and dis-
course; but to weigh and consider. Some books are
to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few
to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are
to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not
curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and
with diligence and attention. Some books also may
be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by
others; but that would be only in the less impor-
tant arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else
distilled books are like common distilled waters,
flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; confer-
ence a ready man; and writing an exact man. And
therefore, if a man write little, he had need have
a great memory; if he confer little, he had need
have a present wit: and if he read little, he had
need have much cunning, to seem to know, that
he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty;
the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep;
moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stond or
impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out
by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may
have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for
the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and
breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for
the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wan-
dering, let him study the mathematics; for in
demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so
little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to
distinguish or find differences, let him study the
Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be
not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one
thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study 197
the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind,
may have a special receipt.

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