英语翻译Rising concerns about the effects of global warming,air pollution and declining fossil fuel stocks have led to increased interest in renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energies.The prospects for generating electricity,hydroge

英语翻译Rising concerns about the effects of global warming,air pollution and declining fossil fuel stocks have led to increased interest in renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energies.The prospects for generating electricity,hydroge
英语翻译
Rising concerns about the effects of global warming,air pollution and declining fossil fuel stocks have led to increased interest in renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energies.The prospects for generating electricity,hydrogen or synthetic fuels by employing only renewable energy sources are good.In some ways,electricity generation technologies including wind turbines and photovoltaic cells are as developed as hydrogen production via water electrolysis.Pure hydrogen can be used as a fuel for fuel cell vehicles,which are rapidly improving nowadays,or converted into synthetic liquid fuels by means of such processes as Fischer–Tropsch reactions (Dry,1999).An adequate evaluation of the effects of introducing a renewable technology needs to include assessments of the environmental impacts and economics of the overall production and utilization life cycle (from ‘‘cradle-to-grave’’),including the construction and operation stages of renewable plants.Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology for this type of assessment,and represents a systematic set of procedures for compiling and examining the inputs and outputs of materials and energy and the associated environmental impacts directly attributable to the functioning of a product or service system throughout its life cycle (ISO,1997).We reported LCAs previously (Granovskii et al.,2006a,b; Daniel and Rosen,2002),based on data in the literature,of wind and solar technologies for electricity and hydrogen generation,as well as hydrogen production from natural gas and gasoline from crude oil.The principal technological steps employed in our LCA studies of the utilization in transportation of crude oil,natural gas,and renewable technologies are presented in Fig.1.By introducing a capital investment effectiveness indicator (Granovskii et al.,2006a),it was shown that ‘‘renewable’’ hydrogen is less economically attractive (i.e.,it has a higher cost) than hydrogen produced via reforming of natural gas.In this article we utilize the different costs of electricity and hydrogen,depending on the technologies used for their manufacture,together with data on air pollution emissions from our LCA studies,to evaluate the costs of mitigating emissions by industrial-scale implementation of wind and solar energy systems.Numerical estimations are made using expressions introduced for greenhouse gas emissions mitigation in our previous paper (Granovskii et al.,2006c).

英语翻译Rising concerns about the effects of global warming,air pollution and declining fossil fuel stocks have led to increased interest in renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energies.The prospects for generating electricity,hydroge
上升的关心有关全球的温暖,空气污染和倾斜的化石燃料的效果存货已经引导增加对可重新开始的能源兴趣来源 , 像是风和太阳能. 藉由雇用只有可重新开始的能源来源产生电,氢或合成物质燃料的视野很好.在一些方法中,电世代包括用来发电的风车技术和光电伏打细胞是如氢制造所发展经由水电分解. 纯粹的氢可能被用同样地燃料作为燃料电池交通工具, 正在快速地时下改良, 或经由如此的程序进入综合性的液体燃料之内转换如 Fischer – Tropsch 反应. (干,1999) 介绍一种可重新开始的技术效果的适当评估需要包括环境的冲击评估和包括全部的制造和利用生活周期 (从‘‘摇篮-到-墓穴'') 的经济学, 包括可重新开始的植物建筑和操作阶段. 生活周期评估 (LCA) 是评估的这一个类型的一种方法学, 而且为编译而且检查在它的生活周期各处对一个产品或服务系统的动作直接可归于的材料和能源的输入和输出和联合的环境冲击表现一有系统组的程序. (ISO,1997) 我们 LCAs 先前 (Granovskii et al.,2006 a,b;单尼尔和 Rosen,2002),基于文学的数据, 风和太阳的技术为电和氢世代 , 和来自原油的来自天然气和汽油的氢制造. 主要的科技步骤在原油,天然气和可重新开始的技术运输的我们利用的 LCA 研究中雇用在图 1 中被呈现. 藉由介绍一个首都投资效力指示器 (Granovskii et al.,2006 一), 一般显示‘‘可重新开始的'' 氢比较不节俭吸引人 (也就是,它有较高的费用)比较氢经由天然气的改革生产. 在这一个文章中,我们利用电和氢的不同费用,仰赖作为他们的产品技术, 连同数据一起在来自我们的 LCA 研究的空气污染发射上, 评估镇静风和太阳的能源系统的工业- 刻度落实的发射费用. 数字的判断被做使用表达介绍作为温室气体发射我们的早先纸缓和 (Granovskii et al.,2006 c).