对介词,副词,形容词的应用

对介词,副词,形容词的应用
对介词,副词,形容词的应用

对介词,副词,形容词的应用
形容词
1.作定语修饰名词
(1)只能作定语的形容词有：latter (后者),little,live (活着的),lone (孤独的),main,only,real,inner,outer,wooden,elder等.
(2)多个形容词修饰名词时,其排列顺序为：限定词(冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词)+数词+(序数词、基数词)+描绘形容词(beautiful,good,interesting , kind)+特征形容词(大小、长短、高低、形状、年龄、新旧)+颜色+国籍+材料.如：those large round black wooden tables那些大的黑色木圆桌.
(3)形容词作定语时,下列情况要后置：
修饰由some,any,every,no等构成的复合不定代词时.如：something important
某些表语形容词作定语时.如：
He was the only Enghishman presented.他是惟一到场的英国人.
表示数量的词组.如：a building six storeys high
形容词短语作定语时.如：a student worthy of praise
else要放在疑问代词或复合不定代词之后.如：
Did you see anybody else? 你见到别的人了吗?
2.作表语
(1)与系动词be,grow,get, become,turn,appear,seem, remain, stay (保持),feel,look,smell, taste,sound等连用作表语.
(2)形容词difficult,hard,dangerous,necessary,safe,unsafe, useful,pleasant,possible,impossible,probable等作表语时,主语一般是物或形式主语 it而不是人.
①He is necessary to do it. (×)
②It is necessary for him to do it. (√) 他很有必要做那件事.
注意表语形容词的用法：
ill, well意为“有病的”,“身体健康的”时只能作表语;作定语时ill为sick,well改为healthy.
以a-开头的afraid,alike,awake,alone,asleep一般作表语,作定语时要后置.
修饰表语形容词一般不用very,而用much或其它副词.如：much afraid,fast (sound) asleep,wide awake, well worth等.
worth和worthy用法不同：be worth+价值名词或动词-ing；be worthy to be done,be worthy of+名词或being done.此外, worth只作表语,而worthy既可作表语,又可作定语.如： a worthy winner(当之无愧的胜利者)
3. 作宾语补足语
(1)动词cut, find, keep, leave, make, push, tear等后用形容词作宾补.如cut sth. short , keep/ push/ tear sth. open等.
(2)某些动词词组中用形容词作宾补.如：drive sb mad,make sb angry,set sb free等.
4. 作状语表示伴随、原因、结果等,常用逗号与句子其它成分隔开.如：At last he got home, tired and hungry.
5. 形容词的比较级
(1)有两种比较级(最高级)形式的形容词
① old --older –oldest (用于人、物、可与than连用) elder-- eldest (用于兄弟姊妹,不能与than连用)
②far --farther --farthest (表距离) further-- furthest (表距离,还有“进一步”之意)
③late-- later --latest (表示时间) latter-- last (表示顺序)
(2)常用句型
①as+原级+as (as+原级+a／an+单数名词+as),否定式为not as／so+原级+as
②比较级+than+比较对象(1ess+原级+比较对象)
③比较级+and+比较级或more and more+原级
④the+比较级…,the+比较级…
⑤the +最高级(+单数名词)+of／among+复数名词或in+单数名词
⑥be one of/ among+ the+最高级+复数名词
⑦the last+原级(+单数名词)+of/ among+复数名词或in+单数名词
使用比较级、最高级的注意事项
① 比较对象要一致
误：His handwriting is more beautiful than Li Ming.
正：His handwriting is more beautiful than Li Ming’s .
他的字比李明的漂亮.
②避免自我比较,适当运用other或else (与不定代词连用).整体句型为：
比较级+than+any other+单数名词 (any of the other+复数名词或anyone else)
误：John studies harder than any student in his class.
John属于any student中的一位,没有排除自身比较,应改为：
John studies harder than any other student in his class.
John studies harder than any of the other students in his class.
John studies harder than anyone else in his class.
约翰他班上其他任何学生都用功.(约翰是他们班上最用功的学生.)
(3) 比较级前的修饰语
修饰原级的有：fairly,pretty,quite, rather, so, too, very等.
比较级的修饰语有：a little (bit),slightly,any,some等表示“一点点,稍微”；many,much,a lot,far, by far“…得多”；even,still“更(甚)……”.
修饰最高级用如by, much,almost,nearly或序数词.
注意：
by far位于比较级之后(比较级前有定冠词时置于比较级之前),且不与than连用；修饰最高级时置于最高级之前或之后.
(4) 比较级前的冠词
①比较级前一般不加冠词.但表示两者中较突出者,且比较级后又有名词或出现了of the two,这时比较级前一定要加the.
a: Which is the larger country, Canada or Australian? 加拿大和澳大利亚,哪个国家更大?
b: Of the two jobs,he chose the harder.在两项工作中他选择了较艰苦的那一个.
② 形容词最高级要与the连用.但表示自身比较时可省去the.
The town is most beautiful at night.这座城镇在晚上最美.
6.倍数的表示方法
(1)倍数+the size (height,length,width)of…
(2)倍数+as+原级+as
(3)倍数+比较级+ than
副词
1. 副词的分类
(1)时间副词,如：today, now, then, ago, before, early, late, soon等.
(2)表示频度和重复的时间副词,如：always, often, never, hardly, again, once等.
(3)地点和方位副词,如：everywhere, here, there, home, near, away, above, below, across, in, out, inside, up, down, upstairs, around, back, behind等.
(4)方式副词,如：hard, well, together, clearly, slowly, politely, suddenly等.
(5)程度副词,如：much, quite, rather, almost, even, just, still, nearly, only, very等.
2. 副词的用法及位置
(1) 作状语修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语及全句.其位置如下：
①时间副词和地点副词一般放在句末,若两种副词同时出现,则地点副词在前,时间副词在后,也可把时间副词放在句首.
He did his work here yesterday.他昨天在这里工作.
②频度副词放在实义动词之前,助动词、情态动词及be动词之后.
You must always wait in a queue.你必须排队.
③程度副词放在所修饰的形容词之前(enough则放在后面).如：very careful, old enough.
④方式副词修饰不及物动词时,放在所修饰的词之后；修饰及物动词时,放在动词之前或宾语之后.如宾语较长,也可将副词放在动词与宾语之间.
a: Jane’s father works hard.简的父亲工作努力.
b: Bill did the work very well. 比尔做工作很好.
c: He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 他认真地给朋友们写信.
⑤修饰介词时(well, right, just, soon等)放在介词之前；修饰全句时(frankly, briefly, personally, luckily, generally speaking等)放在句首.
(2) 作表语.作表语的副词一般是表示地点及位置的副词.如：They are downstairs.
(3) 作定语.作定语的副词一般是表示地点、位置的副词,还有一些表示时间的副词,都作后置定语.如：In the streets below, there are other problems.
(4) 作介词宾语.如：in here,from abroad,since then,until recently,until very late等.
3. 易混淆的副词
(1) also, too, either, as well
also和too用于肯定句,either用于否定句.also放在实义动词前be动词、助动词之后,too常置于句末.as well与too可互换.
(2) already, yet , still
already(已经),用于肯定句；yet(已经)用于否定句或疑问句；still(还、仍然)一般用于肯定句或疑问句中.
(3) ago, before
ago表示“现在以前”某一时刻,常用于一般过去时.before表示“过去某一时间以前”,一般用于过去完成时；单独使用时,泛指以前,用于现在完成时或一般过去时.
(4) fast, soon
fast表示“速度快”,soon侧重指两件事情先后发生,中间间隔的时间短.
(5) just, just now
just “刚才”,常用于现在完成时.just now“刚才,不久以前”,常用于一般过去时.
(6) so…that, such…that
so修饰形容词、副词；such修饰名词.另外还要注意以下两点：
名词前有表示“多”(many,much)、“少”(1ittle,few)的形容词时,要用so.
修饰可数名词单数时,so与such可互换,但词序不同.如：such a good student相当于so good a student.
(7) almost , nearly
在not,pretty,very后只能用nearly.
在any,never,no,none前只能用almost.
其它情况下可互换.
(8) fairly, quite, rather
按程度强弱排列,顺序为：rather, quite, fairly.
fairly多用于褒义；rather多用于贬义形容词、too及比较级前.
quite和rather可修饰名词,置于“不定冠词+名词之前”.如：quite a good story, rather a strong wind.
(9)much too, too much
much too修饰形容词、副词；too much修饰不可数名词,也可单独作主语、宾语或表语.
4. 两种形式的副词在含义上的区别
close接近地 closely密切地,严密地
free免费地 freely无拘束地,自由地
hard努力地 hardly几乎不
most很,非常 mostly主要地
wide广阔,充分 widely广泛地
high高(具体) highly高度地,非常地
deep深(具体) deeply深深地(抽象)
loud大声地 loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)
near邻近 nearly几乎
late迟 lately近来
5. 某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词.如：friendly,deadly,likely,lively,lonely,lovely,orderly, silly,timely等.
介词
1. 掌握常用介词的基本用法及易混介词的区别
常用介词数量多,且每个介词都有多种用法,复习时应认真掌握.如beyond就有以下四种用法：
(1)(时间)过了,比……晚,迟于It won’t go on beyond midnight.这不会持续到午夜以后.
(2) (位置)在……那边,在……以外
The airport is 30 miles beyond the town.机场在离城30英里以外的地方.
(3)(范围)超过,为……所不及,超出……的范围
The bike is beyond repair. 这辆自行车已不能修理了.
(4) 除……之外(用于否定句或疑问句)
I know nothing beyond this. 除此之外,我什么都不知道.
学习介词时,还要注意区分那些含义相近的介词的区别.如表示“行路方式”的介词有by, in, on,但用法不同：by car,in a car,on／in a bus,on a bike,on foot.
2. 掌握常用介词搭配
(1)介词与动词搭配.如：agree with,believe in,depend on,refer to等.
(2)介词与形容词搭配.如：absent from,blind in,fond of,clever at等.
(3)介词与名词搭配.如：love for,contribution to, victory over, struggle against, key to等.
(4) 介词与其他词构成固定的常用副词性短语.
如：above all, in turn,in particular, on the other hand, for the time being等.
3. 介词的省略
表示时间的名词前有one,any,each,every, some,all, this,that,next,last,yesterday,tomorrow等时,名词前不用任何介词.
4. 谨防介词遗漏
(1)当不定式作状语与句子主语有逻辑上的动宾关系,或不定式作定语与所修饰的名词有动宾关系,且该不定式为不及物动词时,必须加介词.
①The chair is comfortable to sit to on (in).
②They are looking for a room to live in.
(2)在“be+形容词”结构后带宾语时,介词不可遗漏.
What are you afraid of? 你害怕什么?
(3) 在被动语态中,短语动词中的介词不能遗漏.
Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 应该注意你的发音.
(4) 在定语从句中,如关系代词是从句谓语动词的宾语,且这个动词是不及物动词时,必须加上介词.
The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.
我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校很远.