说说动词不定式和ing分词的用法

说说动词不定式和ing分词的用法
说说动词不定式和ing分词的用法

说说动词不定式和ing分词的用法
不定式在句子中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补语.
1)不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作.
【例如】
To complete the 30?storied building in one year was quite a difficult task.
To do that implies taking responsibility.
当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用it做形式主语,而将不定式放到谓语的后面.
【例如】
It is important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages.
It做形式主语,不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：
a) It is＋形容词(easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...)＋( for/of sb.)＋不定式
【例如】
It is essential to reserve a table in advance of Christmas Eve.
It is hard to put my hopessintoswords.
It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only.
It is important for us young people to learn English and master it.
b) It is＋名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, one's du?ty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job...)＋不定式
It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash.
It is a pity to have to go without her.
It is a glorious death to die for the people.
c) It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience...)＋不定式
It takes me three hours to learn English each day.
It took them half the night to get home in the snow.
2)不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示将来的动作,主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词,如wish, idea, task, purpose, duty, job等.
【例如】
The most important thing for one's health is to have plenty of exercise.
My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties of the matter.
The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers to the city and to provide them with any necessary information.
What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible.
3)不定式作宾语不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语：
afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care,choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine,
expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prepare pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,tend,threaten,want等.
【例如】
I like to go out for walks in the warm sunshine in spring.
My mother hates to move from place to place, for she feels tired.I decide to work hard and get doctor's degree.
The room is designed to be my study, but now it has to be used as a bedroom for the children.
She failed to finish the assignment in time, and she was worried about it.
There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means( )trouble. (CET-4 1997, 1)
A) making
B) to make
C) to have made
D)shavingsmade
mean后面一般加不定式,所以A和D可以排除.根据句意,他看起来非常生气,他想找麻烦,不定式的动作还没有实施,应用一般式,因此答案为B.不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中；主语＋动词＋it＋形容词＋不定式.
【例如】
We found it impossible to get everything ready in time. I think it important to learn English well in college.
使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, find, guess, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think,等.
4)“wh?word＋不定式”结构不定式前加一个疑问代词(what, which, who, whom, whose)或疑问副词(where, when, how, why),以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语,其作用相当于一个从句,这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语.
常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有：
know, see, decide, tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,findout,forget,guess,hear,imagine,inquire,learn,observe,
perceive,remember,think,understand,wonder等.
【例如】
I couldn't decide which book to choose. I can tell youswheresto get this book.They found it hard to decide
whether to go swimming next Sunday or to visit Aunt Sally in New Year.“wh?word+不定式”结构除了作宾语外,还可以在句中作主语或者表语.
【例如】
When to start the program remains undecided. The question is how to put the plansintospractice.
5)不定式作状语
a)不定式作状语表示目的.或用于so as和in order之后,来强调这种目的.
【例如】
To learn a foreign language well, you must make painstaking efforts.
Mother saved every cent she could spare to pay for my schooling.We must develop science and technology at
high speed so as to raise scientific and cultural level of our country.
Insgroupsto get a high mark in Band 4, he did a lot of exercises both in grammar and reading comprehension.
b)不定式表示结果,特别是在so...as to, such...as to, only to...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结果.
【例如】
I rushed to the station as fast as I could, only to find the train already gone.
She left her hometown with her beloved man, never to return.No one is too old to learn.
Would you be so kind as to carry the luggage for me?
c)不定式常用来修饰形容词,构成下列词组：be able to, be afraid to, be apt to, be bound to, be certain to, be easy to, be eager to, be fit to, be likely to, be ready to, be sure to, be unable to, be unwilling to, be willing to等.
【例如】
Chinese team is bound to win the World Cup.
It is likely to rain today, for it is very cloudy.
I am willing to help you with your homework, for we are friends.
6)不定式作宾语补语不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补语：ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, compel, command, enable, encourage,expect, feel, force, find, hear, have, inform, invite, let, make, mean, notice, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, request,teach, tell, urge, watch, warn, watch等.
【例如】
Because of the complexity of the modern equipments, most offices require secretaries to have specified training.
He asked you to call him at ten o'clock.
The note reminds me to be careful whatever I do.
I'd never allow my children to behave like that.
当不定式在let, make, have, hear, look at, listen to, feel, observe, watch, notice, perceive(感觉到)等动词后面作宾语补语时,不定式不带to.
【例如】
Whenever something is wrong with you, please do let me know.
I will have the students write a passage about Internet.
I saw my mother shed tears at the news that the neighbor girl got seriously hurt in a car accident.
It seemed so long before he heard the stone hit the water.
7)不定式作主补带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时,原来的宾语变为主语,宾补则变为主补.加主补的动词主要有：assume, believe,know, report, say, suppose等.
【例如】
Mr. Brown is said to have left for Italy last week.(It is said that Mr. Brown left for Italy last week.)
Persons have been said to climb on roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through windows and commit murder in their sleep.
He is reported to have won the 100?meter running race in the Olympic games.
8)不定式作定语
a)不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后.
不定式常作下列的名词定语：attempt, ability, anything, chance, desire, determination, decision, effort, failure, intention, need, opportunity, plan, promise, pressure, right, tendency, time, way等.
【例如】
His efforts to carry out the plan were successful.I have no intention to go to the cinema with you.
There is no need to bother him with such trifles.
There is a tendency to writer quite long sentences in commercial correspondence.
The pressure( )causes Americans to be energetic, but it also put them under a constant emotional strain. (CET-4 1997,6)
A) to compete
B) competing
C) to be competed
D)shavingscompeted
pressure后面应接后置定语,表示竞争的压力.单个分词作定语一般置于名词前,故B和D可以排除.C为不定式的被动式,而竞争和压力之间没有被动关系,因此正确答案为A.特别注意的是在不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时,要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词,这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不
定式本身的要求.
【例如】
She is a very nice person to work with.
This is an important issue to talk about.
b)由only, last, next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语.
【例如】
Mr. Zhang is always the first man to arrive at the office and the last man to leave.I don't think he is the best one to do the work.
9)不带to的不定式在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：would rather ...than(宁愿……也不), had better...(最好),can't help but...(不得不), had
rather...(宁愿),cannot but...(不得不,必然),may/might as well...(不妨),let alone(更不用说).
【例如】
You'd better return the books to the library on time. Otherwise, you will be fined.
I can't help but wish that nothing would go wrong.
They had never seen such delicious food, let alone eat it.
动词的 -ing形式
作主语
动词的 -ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式,由动词原形加 -ing构成,可以在句子中用作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语.
n Seeing is believing.眼见为实.
n Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.乘火车到杭州要16个小时.
n It‘s nice talking with you.和你谈话很高兴.
n It‘s no use arguing with him. 跟他争论没用.
n There is no harm in doing so. 这样做没有害处.
作表语
动词 -ing可用来作表语.如：
n This food smells inviting.
n My favorite sport is swimming.
n Their job is cleaning the window.
作宾语
1.动词-ing形式可以用作动词、短语动词和介词的宾语.
n I warned her against driving fast.
n Jim dislikes eating chocolate.
2.有些动词和动词短语后接作宾语的非限定性动词时只能是-ing分词,常见的这类动词有：admit, acknowledge, advise, appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, escape,
fancy, finish, forgive, face, endure, involve, give up, imagine, mention, mind, miss, pardon,
practise, require, resent, resist, suggest, recall, resist, understand等.
n The doctor advised taking more exercise.
n I suggest doing it in a different way.
3.大部分“动词+介词”短语动词,只能后接动词-ing作宾语.这些动词短语有：think of, give up, aim at, put off, insist on, persist in, be good at, do well in, can‘t help, keep on, leave
off, feel like, be tired （afraid, capable, fond） of, set about等.
以下为to作介词的短语有：be used to, object to, devote oneself to, stick to, respond to, look forward to, see to, submit to, adapt to, apply to, accede to, get to, prefer to, adjust to, owe to,
n Do you feel like having a drink?
n I prefer swimming to playing basketball.
4.有些动词既可能带-ing分词作宾语,也可以带to不定式作宾语,但在语义上却有很
大的差别.如：
⑴chance to do 碰巧去做某事
chance doing 冒险试一试做某事
⑵forget to do 忘记要去做某事
forget doing 忘记曾做过某事
⑶go on to do 接着又做另一件事
go on doing 继续做同一件事
⑷remember to do 记得要去做某事
remember doing 记得曾做过某事
⑸stop to do 停下来去做某事
stop doing 停止做某事
⑹try to do 努力做某事
try doing 试一试做某事
⑺regret to do 对将要做的事表示遗憾
regret doing 对做过的事表示遗憾
⑻mean to do 打算／想做某事
mean doing 意味着／意思是做某事
作宾语补语
l I found the parade quite interesting to watch.
这种用法通常用在下列几类动词中,后接宾语然后加上-ing分词,构成复合宾语结构,-ing分词充当宾补成分.
1.表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如：see, hear, feel, find, smell, watch, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe等.如：
n There we found him watching TV.
n I heard someone knocking at the door.
2.在有些动词（如：regard, describe, accept, think of, quote等）之后,可由as引出-ing分
词词组作宾补.如：
n They regarded the contract as being invalid. 他们认为合同无效.
n They described the child as being very clever. 他们描述这孩子非常聪明.
3.使役动词,如：set, keep, have, get, leave, catch等.如：
n Can you get my watch going again?你能使我的表再走起来吗?
n This sets me thinking. 这使我思考.
作状语
-ing分词作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用.分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况.
Having cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden.（时间）
Coming into the room, she saw everybody already at their work.（时间）
Being ill, he couldn‘t go to school.（原因）
Working diligently, you will certainly succeed.（条件）
Granting the achievements to be great, there is still something to be desired.（让步）
（尽管）成绩是巨大的,（但）仍有一些要求改进的东西.
My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.（结果）
Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities.（方式）
Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book.（伴随）
作定语
l a smiling face 笑脸
l a leading figure 领导人物
-ing分词还能构成合成词作定语,如：
l easy-going man 好说话的人
当分词短语做后置定语时,可以转换成定语从句.
l She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.
l = She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai.
l There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park.
l = There are two roads before us, one which leads to the beach, the other to the park.

你可以这样去理解。动词不定式一般表示将要去做什么；而动词ING 则表示正在做什么。比如说：I have some clothes to wash.表示我有衣服要洗。
I am washing my clothes.表示我正在洗衣服。
但是也有例外，有些行为动词的ING可以表将来。

不定式在句子中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补语。
1)不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。
【例如】
To complete the 30?storied building in one year was quite a difficult task.
To do that implies taking responsibility.
当...

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不定式在句子中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补语。
1)不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。
【例如】
To complete the 30?storied building in one year was quite a difficult task.
To do that implies taking responsibility.
当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
【例如】
It is important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages.
It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：
a) It is＋形容词(easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...)＋( for/of sb.)＋不定式
【例如】
It is essential to reserve a table in advance of Christmas Eve.
It is hard to put my hopessintoswords.
It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only.
It is important for us young people to learn English and master it.
b) It is＋名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, one's du?ty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job...)＋不定式
It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash.
It is a pity to have to go without her.
It is a glorious death to die for the people.
c) It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience...)＋不定式
It takes me three hours to learn English each day.
It took them half the night to get home in the snow.
2)不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish, idea, task, purpose, duty, job等。
【例如】
The most important thing for one's health is to have plenty of exercise.
My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties of the matter.
The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers to the city and to provide them with any necessary information.
What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible.
3)不定式作宾语不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语：
afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care,choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine,
expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prepare pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,tend,threaten,want等。
【例如】
I like to go out for walks in the warm sunshine in spring.
My mother hates to move from place to place, for she feels tired.I decide to work hard and get doctor's degree.
The room is designed to be my study, but now it has to be used as a bedroom for the children.
She failed to finish the assignment in time, and she was worried about it.
There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means( )trouble. (CET-4 1997, 1)
A) making
B) to make
C) to have made
D)shavingsmade
mean后面一般加不定式，所以A和D可以排除。根据句意，他看起来非常生气，他想找麻烦，不定式的动作还没有实施，应用一般式，因此答案为B。不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中；主语＋动词＋it＋形容词＋不定式。
【例如】
We found it impossible to get everything ready in time. I think it important to learn English well in college.
使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, find, guess, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think,等。
4)“wh?word＋不定式”结构不定式前加一个疑问代词(what, which, who, whom, whose)或疑问副词(where, when, how, why)，以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语，其作用相当于一个从句，这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语。
常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有：
know, see, decide, tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,findout,forget,guess,hear,imagine,inquire,learn,observe,
perceive,remember,think,understand,wonder等。
【例如】
I couldn't decide which book to choose. I can tell youswheresto get this book.They found it hard to decide
whether to go swimming next Sunday or to visit Aunt Sally in New Year.“wh?word+不定式”结构除了作宾语外，还可以在句中作主语或者表语。
【例如】
When to start the program remains undecided. The question is how to put the plansintospractice.
5)不定式作状语
a)不定式作状语表示目的。或用于so as和in order之后，来强调这种目的。
【例如】
To learn a foreign language well, you must make painstaking efforts.
Mother saved every cent she could spare to pay for my schooling.We must develop science and technology at
high speed so as to raise scientific and cultural level of our country.
Insgroupsto get a high mark in Band 4, he did a lot of exercises both in grammar and reading comprehension.
b)不定式表示结果，特别是在so...as to, such...as to, only to...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结果。
【例如】
I rushed to the station as fast as I could, only to find the train already gone.
She left her hometown with her beloved man, never to return.No one is too old to learn.
Would you be so kind as to carry the luggage for me?
c)不定式常用来修饰形容词，构成下列词组：be able to, be afraid to, be apt to, be bound to, be certain to, be easy to, be eager to, be fit to, be likely to, be ready to, be sure to, be unable to, be unwilling to, be willing to等。
【例如】
Chinese team is bound to win the World Cup.
It is likely to rain today, for it is very cloudy.
I am willing to help you with your homework, for we are friends.
6)不定式作宾语补语不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补语：ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, compel, command, enable, encourage,expect, feel, force, find, hear, have, inform, invite, let, make, mean, notice, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, request,teach, tell, urge, watch, warn, watch等。
【例如】
Because of the complexity of the modern equipments, most offices require secretaries to have specified training.
He asked you to call him at ten o'clock.
The note reminds me to be careful whatever I do.
I'd never allow my children to behave like that.
当不定式在let, make, have, hear, look at, listen to, feel, observe, watch, notice, perceive(感觉到)等动词后面作宾语补语时，不定式不带to.
【例如】
Whenever something is wrong with you, please do let me know.
I will have the students write a passage about Internet.
I saw my mother shed tears at the news that the neighbor girl got seriously hurt in a car accident.
It seemed so long before he heard the stone hit the water.
7)不定式作主补带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时，原来的宾语变为主语，宾补则变为主补。加主补的动词主要有：assume, believe,know, report, say, suppose等。
【例如】
Mr. Brown is said to have left for Italy last week.(It is said that Mr. Brown left for Italy last week.)
Persons have been said to climb on roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through windows and commit murder in their sleep.
He is reported to have won the 100?meter running race in the Olympic games.
8)不定式作定语
a)不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。
不定式常作下列的名词定语：attempt, ability, anything, chance, desire, determination, decision, effort, failure, intention, need, opportunity, plan, promise, pressure, right, tendency, time, way等。
【例如】
His efforts to carry out the plan were successful.I have no intention to go to the cinema with you.
There is no need to bother him with such trifles.
There is a tendency to writer quite long sentences in commercial correspondence.
The pressure( )causes Americans to be energetic, but it also put them under a constant emotional strain. (CET-4 1997,6)
A) to compete
B) competing
C) to be competed
D)shavingscompeted
pressure后面应接后置定语，表示竞争的压力。单个分词作定语一般置于名词前，故B和D可以排除。C为不定式的被动式，而竞争和压力之间没有被动关系，因此正确答案为A。特别注意的是在不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时，要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词，这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不
定式本身的要求。
【例如】
She is a very nice person to work with.
This is an important issue to talk about.
b)由only, last, next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。
【例如】
Mr. Zhang is always the first man to arrive at the office and the last man to leave.I don't think he is the best one to do the work.
9)不带to的不定式在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：would rather ...than(宁愿……也不), had better...(最好)，can't help but...(不得不), had
rather...(宁愿)，cannot but...(不得不，必然)，may/might as well...(不妨)，let alone(更不用说)。
【例如】
You'd better return the books to the library on time. Otherwise, you will be fined.
I can't help but wish that nothing would go wrong.
They had never seen such delicious food, let alone eat it.
现在分词（Present Participle）
一.构成形式
doing （特殊的略） 现在分词表示主动的或进行的动作
二.时态与语态