用英文简述 the politics of U.S,U.K and Australia

用英文简述 the politics of U.S,U.K and Australia
用英文简述 the politics of U.S,U.K and Australia

用英文简述 the politics of U.S,U.K and Australia
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,as head of state; the monarch of the UK serves as head of state of fifteen other Commonwealth countries,putting the UK in a personal union with those other states.The Crown has sovereignty over the Isle of Man and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey.Collectively,these three territories are known as the Crown dependencies,lands owned by the British monarch but not part of the United Kingdom.They are not part of the European Union.However,the Parliament of the United Kingdom has the authority to legislate for the dependencies,and the British government manages their foreign affairs and defence.
The UK has fourteen overseas territories around the world,the last remaining territories of the British Empire.The overseas territories are not considered part of the UK,but in most cases,the local populations have British citizenship and the right of abode in the UK.This has been the case since 2002.
The UK has a parliamentary government based on strong traditions:the Westminster system has been emulated around the world 鈥 a legacy of the British Empire.
The UK's constitution governs the legal framework of the country and consists mostly of written sources,including statutes,judge made case law,and international treaties.As there is no technical difference between ordinary statutes and law considered to be "constitutional law," the British Parliament can perform "constitutional reform" simply by passing Acts of Parliament and thus has the power to change or abolish almost any written or unwritten element of the constitution.However,no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments cannot change.[19] The United Kingdom is one of the three countries in the world today that does not have a codified constitution (the other two being New Zealand and Israel).[20]
The position of Prime Minister,the UK's head of government,belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons.The Prime Minister and Cabinet are formally appointed by the Monarch to form Her Majesty's Government.However,the Prime Minister chooses the Cabinet,and by convention,HM The Queen respects the Prime Minister's choices.The Cabinet is traditionally drawn from members of the Prime Minister's party in both legislative houses,and mostly from the House of Commons,to which they are responsible.Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and Cabinet,all of whom are sworn into Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council,and become Ministers of the Crown.The Rt Hon Gordon Brown MP,leader of the Labour Party,has been Prime Minister,First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service since 27 June 2007.
The Houses of ParliamentThe Parliament of the United Kingdom that meets in the Palace of Westminster,is the ultimate legislative authority in the United Kingdom.A devolved parliament in Scotland and devolved assemblies in Northern Ireland,and Wales were established following public approval as expressed in referenda,but these are not sovereign bodies and could be abolished by the UK parliament.The UK parliament is made up of two houses:an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords,and any Bill passed requires the assent of HM The Queen to become law.For elections to the House of Commons,the UK is currently divided into 646 constituencies,with 529 in England,18 in Northern Ireland,59 in Scotland and 40 in Wales,though this number will rise to 650 at the next General Election.Each constituency elects one Member of Parliament by simple plurality.General Elections are called by the Monarch when the Prime Minister so advises.Though there is no minimum term for a Parliament,a new election must be called within five years of the previous general election.
Questions over sovereignty have been brought forward due to the UK's membership of the European Union.[21]
The UK's three major political parties are the Labour Party,the Conservative Party,and the Liberal Democrats,winning between them 616 out of the 646 seats available in the House of Commons at the 2005 General Election.Most of the remaining seats were won by parties that only contest elections in one part of the UK such as the Scottish National Party (Scotland only),Plaid Cymru (Wales only),and the Democratic Unionist Party,Social Democratic and Labour Party,Ulster Unionist Party,and Sinn F茅in (Northern Ireland only,though Sinn F茅in also contests elections in Ireland).In accordance with party policy,no elected Sinn F茅in Member of Parliament has ever attended the House of Commons to speak in the House on behalf of their constituents as Members of Parliament are required to take an oath of allegiance to the Monarch.However,the current five Sinn F茅in MPs have since 2002 made use of the offices and other facilities available at Westminster.[22]
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Politics in the United States have operated under a two-party system for virtually all of the country's history.For elective offices at all levels,state-administered primary elections are held to choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections.Since the general election of 1856,the two dominant parties have been the Democratic Party,founded in 1824 (though its roots trace back to 1792),and the Republican Party,founded in 1854.Since the Civil War,only one third-party presidential candidate鈥攆ormer president Theodore Roosevelt,running as a Progressive in 1912鈥攈as won as much as 20% of the popular vote.
The incumbent president,Republican George W.Bush,is the 43rd president in the country's history.All U.S.presidents to date have been white men.If Democrat Barack Obama wins the forthcoming presidential election,he will become the first African-American president.Following the 2006 midterm elections,the Democratic Party controls both the House and the Senate.Every member of the U.S.Congress is a Democrat or a Republican except two independent members of the Senate鈥攐ne a former Democratic incumbent,the other a self-described socialist.An overwhelming majority of state and local officials are also either Democrats or Republicans.
Within American political culture,the Republican Party is considered "center-right" or conservative and the Democratic Party is considered "center-left" or liberal,but members of both parties have a wide range of views.In a May 2008 poll,44% of Americans described themselves as "conservative," 27% as "moderate," and 21% as "liberal."[50] On the other hand,that same month a plurality of adults,41.7%,identified as Democrats,31.6% as Republicans,and 26.6% as independents.[51] The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states are relatively liberal-leaning鈥攖hey are known in political parlance as "blue states." The "red states" of the South and the Rocky Mountains lean conservative.