有关疯牛病对英国造成的灾害要英文版的文章,也需要汉语翻译,灾害方面多一些最好,字数不限,越多越好,

有关疯牛病对英国造成的灾害要英文版的文章,也需要汉语翻译,灾害方面多一些最好,字数不限,越多越好,
有关疯牛病对英国造成的灾害
要英文版的文章,也需要汉语翻译,灾害方面多一些最好,字数不限,越多越好,

有关疯牛病对英国造成的灾害要英文版的文章,也需要汉语翻译,灾害方面多一些最好,字数不限,越多越好,
Second, the evolution of the mad cow crisis
(A) of mad cow disease in the United Kingdom
October 25, 1986, the United Kingdom in the southeastern part of a Qili scenery of the town - the town Afushide found the first head of cattle suffering from mad cow disease. This is a black and white cows, early onset, it lethargy and is standing instability and gait Liangqiang. Koutubaimo to be late, lying on the ground can not afford. The veterinary authority confirmed, this head of cattle suffering from mad cow disease is. The same year, Britain's National Veterinary Center for testing the first time, found four cases of mad cow disease. November 1987, in the United Kingdom found that 80 farms in 95 cases cases. To 1988 and found 2,512 cases of cases. 1989 registered a total of 8,443 cases of mad cow disease. Closure by the end of 1990, 17,323 cases of mad cow disease to spread. 1992 to the highest value, for 44,544 cases.
(B) of the outbreak of mad cow disease crisis
Although the number from the onset, the crisis since 1992 after slowed, but in 1990, discovered the cats and pigs infected with mad cow disease cases, people began to worry about mad cow disease will be transmitted to humans. To 1996, unfortunately has finally been confirmed, March 20, the British Government announced that 10 new patients and Keya's related to mad cow disease, like a stone Melaleuca waves stirred up, the whole United Kingdom and the whole of Europe "on cattle色变" , In a short period of several months, the EU countries beef sales dropped by 70 percent, among the member countries because of "beef" and mistrust, disputes everywhere. 1996 to May 6, 2002, the United Kingdom have confirmed 89 people died in New Keya's disease. Britain, France, Germany and other countries have adopted public demonstrations, protests and other forms of expression of the dissatisfaction with the incompetence of crisis management. Hide the mad cow crisis has been a long time suddenly surfaced, from a field of agriculture and animal husbandry economic crisis escalated into social and political crisis.
March 27, 1996, the Council of Europe ban exports of British beef and related products. May 24, 1996, the United Kingdom the European Court of Appeal to recover the export ban, although was rejected, but its approval by the Government negotiations with its allies to lift the ban. June 21, 1996, the Government of the EU member states will sign the "Florence Framework Agreement" and meet the following requirements in the UK on the basis of preconditions, quietly admitted to British beef import restrictions: the slaughter has been out of the risk of infection Animals; improve Britain's animal ID and tracking system that will enact laws to prohibit mammalian meat and bones for animal feed, slaughter of 30 large cattle; effective anti-slaughtered-animal carcasses after the remnants of hazardous materials.
In addition to the export ban to stop the spread of mad cow disease crisis, the EU has also taken other preventive measures, including: April 1, 1997 start the implementation of disposal of animal manure on the "strict processing standards" on May 1, 1998 start To detect, control and eradicate mad cow disease implementation of "active supervision." These measures were the EU consumers of beef safety and consumer confidence rebounded, but the 2000 outbreak in Germany, France and other countries of the crisis and enable a new round of consumer confidence fell down again. This makes the EU to take urgent measures to try to restore market confidence and beef consumption. Despite the tight measures, or the mad cow crisis broke out in the whole EU region, only three countries so far found no mad cow disease.
Early February 2000, EU Agriculture Ministers meeting agreed that the mad cow crisis on the EU's economic and social pressures have reached "a state of emergency." October 2006, France found a number of supermarkets are suspected of beef contaminated by mad cow disease virus, caused widespread panic. Mad cow disease crisis in France's sharp drop in beef sales, exports were hit, the French farmers and herdsmen economic losses, the Government in this crisis from all parties to bear the enormous social pressure: on the one hand to the interests of consumers must take drastic measures to control The spread of mad cow disease, on the other hand, to try to help cattle farmers tide over the crisis. Shortly thereafter, Germany, Spain and Italy have also found cases of mad cow disease, the entire Western Europe into a serious crisis of mad cow disease. February 22, 2001, because of mad cow disease crisis suffered heavy losses of the French farmers and herdsmen in the French Prime Minister Jospin to visit the 38th Paris International Agricultural Fair, held a protest demonstration. Their government failed to take effective measures to protect the interests of farmers and herdsmen expressed strong dissatisfaction.
(C) expansion of mad cow disease crisis
Mad cow crisis within the EU increased trade friction. Among these the most obvious example is the "British-French beef war", although in 1999 the EU has abolished the ban on British beef exports, but the French government still refuses to lifting the ban, in December 2000, the EU court has ordered France to lift the ban , Was rejected by the French Government. Britain strongly dissatisfied with that in France is not "prevent the spread of mad cow disease", but trade protectionism, to that end, some British importers of French fruit, alcohol and other foodstuffs have resisted, which the two countries in trade Had a negative impact. With the further spread of mad cow disease, similar to the same trade friction is inevitable, this has affected the free flow of goods within the EU the normal operation.
EU common agricultural policy around the differences so further expanded. After the mad cow crisis, some members requested from the agriculture budget to other projects for funding to support the cattle industry. However, some members thought that this would cause confusion in the EU agricultural policy. More damage to the interests of member countries. The European Commission in charge of agricultural affairs, said that even members Shile fees to re-examine the common agricultural policy. Germany and France that the Government amended the EU agricultural policy, to identify common agricultural policy objective that only a fundamental change in order to make people believe that the reliability of the common agricultural policy. They also proposed re-arrangement of agricultural assistance, agricultural and financial support to comply with consumer protection rights, environmental protection and the protection of animals linked to the standards, to replace the mismanagement of the agriculture tax revenue to support the policy. EU agricultural policy reform has always been very sensitive, the result will not cause a split within the EU. Although the European Commission on the issue of mad cow disease made a number of agricultural reform programme, but because of different interests of all countries in the EU, the position of hard to reconcile, it has failed to reach consensus.
Unified EU market being questioned. EU internal borders open, to facilitate the trade and transport, but cancelled due to a variety of measures to check the spread of the disease opened the door for all kinds of criminals has facilitated so that the disease spread more easily.
Mad cow crisis on the enlargement of the EU have a negative impact. The EU has already decided to start by early 2003, "a mature development of a" principle to accept new members in Central and Eastern Europe. However, the disease caused by disputes within the EU accession candidate countries will make a lot of confidence greatly reduced, but also enable the EU and applicant countries of the accession negotiations more difficult. June 2000, the EU and the first batch of candidate countries in the negotiations involving the most sensitive agricultural subsidies and free movement of labour and so on, because the positions are different, resulting in an impasse in negotiations. Central and Eastern European candidate countries are mostly agricultural country, from the EU's common agricultural policy in subsidized so that their membership, their membership is one of the important goals, and under the Uruguay Round of negotiations to reach a final agreement, the EU must gradually Reduce the high subsidies on agricultural policy. Therefore, the EU竭力of Central and Eastern European countries after the EU's subsidies to be limited, and entirely different from the original intention of the candidate countries.
(D) of mad cow disease crisis continues
In early 2002, London's Royal Institute of Science and Technology and Medicine - approved epidemiologists to the latest estimates, in 2000-2008, the British simply because of mad cow disease by eating contaminated beef and the number of deaths will be gradually increased to 50,000 people, most likely to 100,000 people. Laboratory tests have proven that through the injection of infected sheep to cattle brain material or feeding of infected feed, mad cow disease can be transmitted to sheep. If this is the case, the total number of deaths may increase by 20 percent to 50 percent. According to the worst forecast, the United Kingdom in 80 hours, there will be 150,000 people infected with mad cow disease by eating beef and mutton the deaths. London's Royal Institute of researchers stressed that there are many unknown factors - particularly in the consumption of infected beef and mutton after the incubation period - could be infected in the clinical symptoms of the time could not be established. A preliminary study in 2001 found indicated that 1 percent of the sheep may be infected with mad cow disease, found that people are worried that the British national 40 million sheep may all be destroyed. May 2002 23, the European Food Standards Agency reported that mad cow disease monitoring Association recommended that measures be taken to prevent the outbreak of mad cow disease sheep. The agency advised consumers not to eat lamb meat, lamb and mutton Hill. Scientists predict that the new Keya's disease has an incubation period of up to several decades, the impact of mad cow disease on human beings is a long-term, is of great uncertainty.
[Cases of]
(A) of the British Government in the latter part of the success of crisis management
1, more attention to exchange information. Government crisis management and crisis communication of information channels, to the public regularly and the EU Commission about the process of crisis management.
2, attention to the crisis on the cooperation between departments and management. Through various research institutions to the public to correctly understand the crisis and avoid excessive panic. Improve the ability to respond to crises. Among agencies to share intelligence on the crisis, the crisis management staff through training and other means to improve crisis management and communication of information technology. Designated by the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Department is mainly responsible for crisis management.
3, adopted a series of specific and effective measures to protect food safety, strengthen the research on mad cow disease; slaughtering infected cattle; protect beef markets; slaughter of subsidies, increasing consumer confidence in the market in advance of a purchase, maintain beef The price system by the Government to fund the entire industry, company restructuring and other personal support.
4, with the European Union and other European countries coordinated to prevent the crisis worsening and expanding. EU to abide by the "Florence Framework Agreement" to fight for the lifting of the ban, the restructuring of British beef industry. In view of the British Government crisis management effectiveness, the European Union on August 1, 1999, lifted the ban on British beef exports.
(B) of the United Kingdom and the EU's mad cow crisis in the management of the lessons
1, does not listen to advice, self-deception. On the one hand, the British Government announced the appointment of experts on mad cow disease Harada conduct a survey, on the other hand, said there was no evidence that mad cow disease can be transmitted to humans, to this reassuring. Minister of Agriculture and even openly in the TV show to eat beef hamburgers. Until] 996 in March before formal recognition of mad cow disease will be transmitted to humans, but it was too late. British government crisis management failure directly led to the initial crisis and the spread of ripple effects.
2, nothing, wrong and wrong on. Not clear to the cattle farmers and beef operators and consumers to convey the seriousness of the crisis at the same time, refuse to buy Bingniu market price, cattle farmers not willing to lose money, and therefore would be possible to find infected cattle market to sell, resulting in a large number of Beef entering the market.
3, short-sighted, causing troubles. To reduce the immediate economic losses, not to take decisive measures. Although the United Kingdom in 1988 that animal feed protein is the largest suspected cause of mad cow disease, but it was not until 1996, before formally global ban the sale of such feed, the delay at this time a full eight years. To reduce the immediate economic losses, not to take decisive measures, resulting in up to 70 countries and regions imported may be infected with mad cow disease virus protein feed.
4, unresponsive, management lags behind. 1990 Germany, France, Austria and other countries have banned imports of British beef, the EU and the European Commission proposed the implementation of the measures. However, the commission has not been aware of the serious consequences - agreed to protect civil aspects of health and hygiene measures, on the other hand, threatened to members of the European Court of Justice to determine the legality of the ban, forcing countries to lift the ban. 1996 after learning that people will be infected with mad cow disease, only realize the seriousness of the crisis, the outbreak of mad cow disease crisis has been more than a decade, could find the solution has become obsolete.
5, mechanism defects, no one Wenjin. The outbreak of mad cow disease crisis and the expansion of the EU's lack of exposure to the domestic crisis in particular, the EU's system of internal problems. 24 under the EU Directorate General, on the crisis in research and management has concentrated almost in the military - the area of security. Not a single specialized Secretary General responsible for the protection of public health in Europe, this is the beginning of the outbreak of mad cow disease problem in the EU Wenjin no reason.
(C) case Enlightenment
1, with the deepening of European integration, a country's problems will inevitably affect the entire European Union, how to enhance the capacity of the internal crisis will become increasingly important.
2, crisis management experts in the role is very important. Modern society is becoming increasingly complex, science and technology, the rapid drawer, to bring more human mystery. Crisis managers to cope with the uncertainty of the crisis, requires a large amount of information professionals and experts in related fields.
3, contrary to natural law a heavy price. Niu originally herbivores living, in order to reduce costs, increase profits, people using modern biotechnology mass production of artificial feed, "forced" to eat this man-made high-protein cattle, "Hun" feed on the vulnerability to the disease caused by prions, mad cow disease " Is due to violation of our human and natural order of the price paid. "
4, it is necessary to attach importance to food security crisis. Food safety related to people's immediate interests, the Government's food security crisis prevention and reflects the Government's ability to control the management level, the cascade effect it is extensive, would involve the country's social, political and legal, and economic life of all levels.
5, countries in transition because of the grey economy more vulnerable to flooding and the impact of the crisis. All tight crisis prevention and management measures to be effective, but also depends on the government's management capacity and the market in an orderly manner, otherwise it is very difficult to regulation. In a large disorderly market, there is mad cow disease sooner or later the problem.
6, mad cow disease crisis is different from pure political, economic and social crisis, with the escalation of the outbreak, both profound science background, it also involves the management level with the public, such as the crisissociological issues. In the field of crisis management, the scene of the visibility of the crisis worse, the management of the more complex arduous. Deal with such crises need comprehensive capacity needs both in-depth scientific research, science and treatment of crisis and the need to improve government functions, effective management of the need to strengthen more timely communication with the public.