碳 英文介绍越详细越好,全部英文.

碳 英文介绍越详细越好,全部英文.
碳 英文介绍
越详细越好,全部英文.

碳 英文介绍越详细越好,全部英文.
Carbon is a nonmetallic element, located in the periodic table of the second cycle of IVA family. Latin for Carbonium, meaning "coal, charcoal." Chinese characters "carbon" element of the word from the cyclical nature of charcoal, "carbon" word plus the word next to the stone structure, from the "carbon" pronunciation.
Carbon is a very common element, it is widespread in many forms in the atmosphere and the earth's crust into. Elemental carbon has long been recognized and utilized, a series of carbon compounds - organic matter is essential for life. Carbon is pig iron, wrought iron and steel one of the ingredients. Carbon can be chemically combined to form a large number of self-compounds, biologically and commercially important molecules. Vivo most of the molecules contain carbon [1] element.
Carbon compounds in general obtained from fossil fuels, and then isolated and further synthesized a variety of products needed for production and daily life, such as ethylene, plastics and so on.
The existence of many forms of carbon, there are single-crystalline nature of carbon, such as diamond, graphite; whether amorphous carbon such as coal; a complex organic compounds, such as plants and animals, etc.; carbonate, such as marble. One quality of the physical and chemical properties of carbon depends on its crystal structure. High hardness of diamond and soft creamy graphite crystal structure is different, each have their own appearance, density, melting point and so on.
Room temperature, the chemical properties of a single mass of carbon is not lively, not soluble in water, dilute acid, dilute alkali and organic solvents; different reactions under high temperature and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide; in halogen only fluoride with a direct response to a single mass of carbon; in the next heat single mass of carbon be easier to acid oxidation; at a high temperature, carbon can also work with many metals the reaction of metal carbides. Carbon has a reductive, metal smelting at high temperatures may be.
Chemical symbol: C
Element Atomic Weight: 12.01
Use of proton: 6
Atomic Number: 6
Cycle: 2
Family: IVA
Electron shell distribution :2-4
Atomic volume: 4.58 cubic centimeters / mole
Atomic radius (calculated): 70 (67) pm
Covalent radius: 77 pm
Van der Waals radius: 170 pm
Electron configuration: 1s22s22p2
Electronic energy levels in each row of cloth: 2,4
Oxidation Price (oxide): 4,3,2 (weak acid)
Color and appearance: black (graphite), colorless (diamond)
State of matter: solid-state
Physical Properties: Anti-Magnetic
Melting point: about 3550 ℃ (diamond)
Boiling point: about 4827 ℃ (sublimation)
Molar volume: 5.29 × 10-6m3/mol
The content of elements in the sun: (ppm) 3000
The content of elements in seawater: (ppm) the surface of the Pacific Ocean 23
Content of elements in the Earth's crust: (ppm) 4800
Mohs hardness: 1-2 graphite, diamond 10
Oxidation state: mainly -4, C +2, C +4 (there are other oxidation state)
Bond can be: (kJ / mol) CH 411 CC 348 C = C 614 C ≡ C 839 C = N 615 C ≡ N 891 C = O 745 C ≡ O 1074
Unit cell parameters: a = 246.4 pm b = 246.4 pm c = 671.1 pm α = 90 ° β = 90 ° γ = 120 °
Ionization energy: (kJ / mol) M - M + 1086.2 M + - M2 + 2352 M2 + - M3 + 4620 M3 + - M4 + 6222 M4 + - M5 + 37827 M5 + - M6 + 47270
Single Quality Density: 3.513 g/cm3 (diamond), 2.260 g/cm3 (graphite, 20 ℃)
Electronegativity: 2.55 (Pauling scale)
Specific heat: 710 J / (kg · K)
Conductivity: 0.061 × 10-6 / (m ohm)
Thermal conductivity: 129 W / (m · K) first ionization energy 1086.5 kJ / mol 2nd ionization energy 2352.6 kJ / mol 3rd ionization energy 4620.5 kJ / mol fourth ionization energy 6222.7 kJ / mol fifth ionization energy 37831 kJ / mol sixth ionization energy 47277.0 kJ / mol
Bond: carbon atoms are generally four price, which requires four single-electron, but the ground state is only two single-electron, it is always carried out when the bonding hybrid. The most common form of hybrid sp3 hybridization, four valence electrons are fully utilized, evenly distributed in the four tracks, the part of other sexual hybrid. Such structures are completely symmetrical, bonding is stable after the σ bonds and no lone electron pairs of exclusion, very stable. Diamond all the carbon atoms they are all for such a hybrid approach in bonding. Alkane carbon atoms are also belong to this category.
According to the needs of sp2 carbon atoms can also be carried out, or sp hybridized. Both methods appear in the re-key into the case, without the hybrid p-orbital perpendicular to the hybrid orbital with the neighboring atom p orbital into the π bond. Alkene double bond connected with the carbon atoms are sp 2 hybridized. Since sp2 hybrid can make atoms coplanar, when there is more than double bond, the molecular plane perpendicular to all the p orbital overlap is likely to form a conjugated system. Benzene is the most typical conjugated system, it has lost some of the nature of the double bond. All the carbon atoms in graphite are in a large conjugation system, each one has a lamellar.
[Edit this paragraph] of carbon isotope
At present a total of 12 kinds of known isotopes, with carbon-8 to C 19, in which the carbon 12 and carbon-13 is stabilized, and the rest are radioactive, which carbon-14 half-lives of over 5000 years, others are less than half full hours. In the Earth's natural world, the carbon 12 content in all accounted for 98.93% of carbon, carbon 13 has 1.07%. C, atomic weight of carbon 12,13 to take two kinds of isotopic abundance-weighted average, the general calculations take 12.01. Carbon 12 is the International System of Units as defined in Moore's standards to contain 12 grams of carbon 12 atoms in a mole number. Carbon-14 has a longer half-life as has been widely used to determine the age of antiquities.
[Edit this paragraph] in the form of elemental carbon
The two most common simple substance is high hardness of diamond and graphite soft and creamy, their crystal structure and bond type are different. Each diamond is tetrahedral four-coordinated carbon, similar to aliphatic compounds; graphite each carbon is a triangle with three bits, can be viewed an unlimited number of benzene rings fused together.
1. Diamond (diamond) Diamond Structure
The most robust of a carbon structure in which the carbon atoms arranged in the form of crystal structure, each carbon atom with the other four carbon atoms tightly bonded, into the spatial network structure, and ultimately form a kind of hardness, poor activity solids.
Chao Guo diamond melting point of 3500 ℃, the equivalent of some stellar surface temperature.
Main function: decoration, cutting metal materials
2. Graphite (graphite)
Graphite is a dark gray metallic luster and opaque sweetlips flaky solid. Soft, with creamy feel, with excellent electrical properties. Graphite planar layered structure of carbon atoms bonded together, bonding layer and the layer of saw relatively weak, so between layers are separated easily be sliding.
A major role: production of pencils, electrodes, cables and so on tram
3. Fullerene (fullerene, C60, C72, etc.)
In 1985 by the U.S. Ross University of Texas scientists have discovered.
Fullerene carbon atoms are spherical dome structure of bond together.
4. Other carbon structures
Hexagonal diamond (Lonsdaleite, and diamond have the same bond type, but the hexagonal arrangement of atoms, also known as hexagonal diamond)
Graphene (graphene, ie single-layer graphite)
Carbon nanotubes (Carbon nanotube, it has the typical structural features of layered hollow)
Monoclinic super-hard carbon (M-carbon, graphite, after low-temperature high-pressure phase, with monoclinic structure, and its hardness close to diamond)
Amorphous carbon (Amorphous, not really shaped body, the internal structure of graphite)
Zhao graphite (Chaoite, graphite and meteorite collision, in an hexagonal pattern of the atomic arrangement)
Mercury tetrahedrite ore structure (Schwarzite, due to the emergence of heptagonal, hexagonal layers are distorted to the "negative curvature," saddle-shaped in the hypothetical structure)
Carbon fiber (Filamentous carbon, growing chain of small piece of the heap formed by fibers)
Carbon aerogels (Carbon aerogels, the density of the porous structure of very small, similar to the well-known silicon aerogels)
Carbon nano-foam (Carbon nanofoam, cobweb-like banding-shaped structure, density is one per cent of the carbon aerogels, there is ferromagnetism)
Hexagonal diamond single graphite and carbon nanotubes monoclinic super-hard carbon (M-carbon)
[Edit this paragraph] carbon compounds
Carbon compounds, only the following compounds are inorganic substances:
Of carbon oxides, sulfur: carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon disulfide (CS2), carbonate, bicarbonate salts, cyanide and its intended range of halogen-halide intended to be halide salts: cyanide (CN) 2, oxygen-cyanide, sulfur, cyanide.
Other carbon-containing compounds are organic compounds. As the carbon atoms to form the keys are relatively stable, the number of organic compounds of carbon, arranged, as well as the type of substituent, position, have a high degree of randomness, resulting in an extremely diverse amount of organic matter in this phenomenon, the present compounds found in human beings accounted for the vast majority of organic matter.
Organic and inorganic very different nature, they are generally flammable, easily soluble in water, the reaction mechanism is very complex, has been the formation of a separate Division - Organic Chemistry. Distribution of carbon found in nature (as in the form of diamond and graphite), is coal, oil, asphalt, limestone and other carbonates, as well as the most important ingredient of all organic compounds in the crust of the content was about 0.027%. Carbon is the dry weight of organisms accounted for the largest proportion of an element. Carbon is also in the form of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere circle the planet and stratosphere. In most of the objects and the presence of carbon in the atmosphere are.
[Edit this paragraph] of carbon found in the history of
Diamond and graphite have known prehistoric humans.
Fullerenes were found in 1985, has since found a number of different arrangement of carbon simple substance.
Isotope carbon-14 by United States scientists Martinka doors and Samuel Rubin was discovered in 1940.
Hexagonal diamond by United States scientists Galiffo Derong Deere and Yousulama temperature was found in 1967.
Monoclinic super-hard carbon scientists from the United States in 1967, Bondi and Cuthbert was found that its crystal structure from Jilin University, Dr. Li Quan and mentor Professor Ma Yanming theory established in 2009.

C + O2 =点 燃=CO2 剧烈燃烧、白光、放热、使石灰水变浑浊
2C +O2=点 燃=2CO 煤炉中常见反应、空气污染物之一、煤气中毒原因
一氧化碳在氧气中燃烧：2CO + O2 =点 燃= 2CO2 蓝色火焰 煤气燃烧
甲烷在空气中燃烧：CH4 + 2O2 =点 燃 =CO2 + 2H2O 蓝色火焰、放热、甲烷和天然气的燃烧
酒精在空气中燃烧：C2H...

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C + O2 =点 燃=CO2 剧烈燃烧、白光、放热、使石灰水变浑浊
2C +O2=点 燃=2CO 煤炉中常见反应、空气污染物之一、煤气中毒原因
一氧化碳在氧气中燃烧：2CO + O2 =点 燃= 2CO2 蓝色火焰 煤气燃烧
甲烷在空气中燃烧：CH4 + 2O2 =点 燃 =CO2 + 2H2O 蓝色火焰、放热、甲烷和天然气的燃烧
酒精在空气中燃烧：C2H5OH + 3O2 =点 燃= 2CO2 + 3H2O 蓝色火焰
木炭还原氧化铜：C + 2CuO 高 温 2Cu + CO2↑
水蒸气通过灼热碳层：H2O + C 高 温 H2 + CO
焦炭还原氧化铁：3C + 2Fe2O3 高 温 4Fe + 3CO2↑
其他
甲烷在空气中燃烧：CH4 + 2O2 点 燃 CO2 + 2H2O
酒精在空气中燃烧：C2H5OH + 3O2 点 燃 2CO2 + 3H2O
一氧化碳还原氧化铜：CO + CuO △ Cu + CO2
一氧化碳还原氧化铁：3CO + Fe2O3 高 温 2Fe + 3CO2
二氧化碳通过澄清石灰水（检验二氧化碳）：Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ==CaCO3↓+ H2O
氢氧化钠和二氧化碳反应（除去二氧化碳）：2NaOH + CO2 == Na2CO3 + H2O
石灰石（或大理石）与稀盐酸反应（二氧化碳的实验室制法）：
CaCO3 + 2HCl === CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑
大理石与稀盐酸反应：CaCO3 + 2HCl === CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑
碳酸钠与稀盐酸反应: Na2CO3 + 2HCl === 2NaCl + H2O + CO2↑
C + CuO 高 温2Cu + CO2↑ 黑色逐渐变为红色、产生使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体，冶炼金属
CuO +CO △ Cu + CO2 黑色逐渐变红色，产生使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体 冶炼金属
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 碳酸使石蕊变红 证明碳酸的酸性
H2CO3 △ CO2↑ + H2O 石蕊红色褪去
Ca(OH)2 + CO2= CaCO3↓+ H2O 澄清石灰水变浑浊 应用CO2检验和石灰浆粉刷墙壁
CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2+ H2O + CO2↑ 固体逐渐溶解、有使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体 实验室制备二氧化碳、除水垢

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