不定代词 的意义 和 用法

不定代词 的意义 和 用法
不定代词 的意义 和 用法

不定代词 的意义 和 用法
一、不定代词概说
英语的不定代词有 all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, (a) few, (a) little, both, enough, every 等,以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词(即somebody, anyone, nothing 等).在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词 none 以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而 no 和 every 则只用作定语.

二、指两者和三者的不定代词
有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混：
Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生.
All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣.
There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树.
He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子,都不富有.
He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子,都不富有.
【说明】each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而 every 只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用 each,不能用 every.如不能说 There are trees on every side of the road.

三、复合不定代词的用法特点
复合不定代词包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等.它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语.something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句(参见 any & some).具体使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面：
There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病.
Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗?
2. 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性).但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their：
Everyone knows this, doesn’t he [don’t they]? 人人都知道这一点,不是吗?
If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着.
3. 指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用 it,而不用 they：
Everything is ready, isn’t it? 一切都准备好了,是吗?
4. anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语.若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用 any one, every one (分开写)：
any one of the boys (books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)
every one of the students (schools) 每一个学生(一所学校)

四、是any not 还是 not any
按英语习惯,any 以及含有any的复合不定代词用于否定句时,它只能出现在否定词之后,而不能在否定词之前：
误：Any one doesn’t know how to do it.
正：No one knows how to do it. 任何人都不知道如何做它.
误：Anybody [Anyone] cannot do it.
正：Nobody [No one] can do it. 这事谁也干不了.
误：Anything cannot prevent me from going.
正：Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我去.

五、不定代词与部分否定
不定代词all, both, every 等与 not 连用时构成部分否定；若要表示完全否定,则需换用 none, neither, no one等.比较：
All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说.
Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说.
All of the students don’t like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说.
None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说.

六、all, both, each 等用作同位语
若用作主语同位语,主语可以是名词或代词；若用作宾语等其他成分的同位语,则宾语等成分必须是人称代词,而不能是名词：
We have all read it. 我们都读过他.(all 修饰的主语是代词)
The villages have all been destroyed. 村庄都被毁了.(all 修饰的主语是名词)
They told us all to wait there. 他叫我们都在那儿等.(all 修饰的宾语是代词)
但不能说：They told the men all to wait there. (all 修饰的宾语是名词不是代词)

七、so little 与 such little的区别
用so little还是such little取决于little的意思：若表示数量方面的“少”,则用so little；若表示形状体积的“小”,则用such little：
He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜.
I’ve never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子.

八、some 与 any的用法区别
一般说来,some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句和疑问句中.但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用 some 而不用any：
Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗?
Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢?
Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗?
【说明】any 有时也用于肯定句中,此时表示“任何”：
Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行.
Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以.
九、many 与 much的用法区别
两者都表示“许多”,但 many 修饰或代替可数名词(复数),与 few(少数)相对；而 much 用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数),与little(少量)相对.在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中：
Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗?
We don’t have much time. 我们没有许多时间.
在肯定句中,一般用 a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之.但在正式文体中有时也用于肯定句中；另外,若用作主语或主语的定语,或其前有 how, too, as, so, a good, a great 等修饰,也可用于肯定句中：
Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早.
Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了.
You’ve given me too much. 你已给我太多了.
Take as many (much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少.
I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题.

十、few, a few 与 little, a little的用法区别
1. few和a few 后接可数名词的复数形式.few 表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义；a few 表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义：
It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难,没有几个人能懂.
It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难,但是有些人懂.
2. little 和 a little 之后接不可数名词,其区别跟 few 和 a few 之间的区别相似：
Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上没带什么钱.
Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱.

5. 不定代词
　 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表
语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：
1)some与any的区别
①some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。
Look! Some of the students are clea...

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5. 不定代词
　 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表
语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：
1)some与any的区别
①some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。
Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.
. Some rice in the bag has been sold out.
②any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。
If you have any questions, please ask me.
There isn't any orange in the bottle.
Have you got any tea?
③any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中，some多用于肯定句中。
How many people can you see in the picture?
I can't see any.
If you have no money, I'll lend you some.
注意：与some, any结合的词如something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone, anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法，大致和some, any的用法相同。
2) few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别
①用作形容词：
含义
用法表示肯定表示否定
用于可数名词a few虽少，但有几个few不多，几乎没有
用于不可数名词a little，虽少，但有一点little不多，没有什么
I'm going to buy a few apples.
He can speak only a little Chinese.
There is only a little milk in the glass.
He has few friends.
They had little money with them.
②a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。
I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry)
Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)
Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)
She slept very little last night.
3)other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。
用 法
代名词形容词
单数复数单数复数
不定another
另一个others
别人，其他人another (boy)
另一个（男孩）other (boys)
其他男孩
特定the other
另一个the others
其余那些人、物the other (boy)
另一个男孩the other (boys)
其余那些男孩
①other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别
的”。
Where are his other books?
I haven't any other books except this one.
②other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。
He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.
She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.
③other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。
Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.
This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.
④“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。
We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock.
In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.
⑤another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.
You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?
⑥another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。
I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.
4)every与each的区别。
eachevery
1)可单独使用1)不可单独使用
2)可做代名词、形容词2)仅作形容词
3)着重“个别”3)着重“全体”，毫无例外
4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物
The teacher gave a toy to each child.
Each ball has a different colour.
当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。
Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.
Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.
5)all和both的用法。
①all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。
All of us like Mr Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope先生。（作主语）
= We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语)
All the water has been used up. (作主语)
That's all for today. (作表语)
Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语)
All the leaders are here. (作定语)
②both作代词。
a.与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。
Lucy and Lily both agree with us.
They both passed on their sticks at the same time.
How are your parents? They're both fine.
b.与“of +代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都”。
Both of them came to see Mary.
Both of the books are very interesting.
c.单独使用，表示“两者（都）”。
Michael has two sons. Both are clever.
I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.
③both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。
Both his younger sisters are our classmates.
. There are tall trees on both sides of the street.

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