急求初二下册英语所有语法,短语比如说ask sb to do sth啦,还有记得要写上翻译啊,小弟在此谢过了^_^

急求初二下册英语所有语法,短语比如说ask sb to do sth啦,还有记得要写上翻译啊,小弟在此谢过了^_^
急求初二下册英语所有语法,短语
比如说ask sb to do sth啦,还有记得要写上翻译啊,小弟在此谢过了^_^

急求初二下册英语所有语法,短语比如说ask sb to do sth啦,还有记得要写上翻译啊,小弟在此谢过了^_^
All
all by oneself 独立,单独
above all 首先,特别是,最重要的是
after all 到底,毕竟
first of all 首先
in all 总共
most of all 最最
all at once 突然,同时,马上
all of a sudden 突然
all over (the world) 遍及（全世界）
all right 好吧,行,情况不错
all sorts of 各种各样的
all kinds of 各种各样的
all (just) the same 尽管如此,仍旧（照样）
all the year round 一年到头
all the way 从远处；自始至终
all the while = all the time = always始终
AS（conj., adv.& pron.）
as…as…与….一样
as a matter of fact 事实上
as a rule 通常
as a result 结果
as a whole 总的来说
as if(as though) 好象
as follows 如下
as for 就….而言
as(so) long as 只要
as soon as 一…就…
as soon as possible 尽快
as usual 象往常一样
as well 也,还
as well as 同.一样
might(may) as well 不妨
so as to 以便
At (prep.)
at a time 一次,每次
at breakfast 早餐时,正在吃早饭
at first 最初
at home 在家
at last最后,终于
at least 至少
at (the) most至多,不超过
at one time 以前,曾经
at once 立刻,马上
at night 在夜里,在晚上
at midnight 在半夜
at present 目前,现在
at times =from time to time
=once in a while 有时候
at sea在大海上,在航行
at one’s own expense 自费
at sb’s service 听侯某人的吩咐
at table 在进餐
at the table 在桌旁
at the bottom 在底端
at the end (of) 最后,尽头
at the latest 最迟
at the mercy of 在……的支配下
at the head of 在……的前头
at the moment 此刻
at the same time 同时
at work 在工作
laugh at 嘲笑
throw at向……扔去
come / run / jump at 扑向…
work hard at 努力工作（学习）
By (prep.)
by accident偶然地
by air(sea, bus…)乘飞机（乘船,乘车……）
by chance = by accident 碰巧,偶然地
by day(night) 在白天（夜晚）
day by day 一天天地
by and by 不久
by far得多,最最
learn (know)…by heart 记熟,背诵
by mistake 错误地,由于疏忽所致
by all means
=by any means无论如何,
以任何手段
by oneself 独自地
one by one 一个一个地
by the way 顺便说（问）
by way of …途径…
by turns 轮流
side by side 肩并肩,并排,一起
by the side of 在……附近
Break (v.)
break away from 摆（逃）脱,脱离,破除
break down （机器、车辆等）坏了,（身体）垮了,中断,压倒,分解
break forth 迸发,突然
break in 强行进入,插嘴,打岔,使习惯
break into破门而入,打断,占用
break into tears / laughter 突然大哭 / 大笑
break off突然停止（中断）,打断,折断
break out爆发,突然发生
break through 突破,打破
break up分解,驱散,停课,腐蚀,散会,
break the ice = break silence打破沉默/僵局
break the law / rules 违反法律/规则
break a promise 违背诺言
break a record 打破纪录
Bring (v.)
bring about 引起= cause,实现,使发生
bring down 使倒下,使下降,击落,推翻
bring forth 引起,使产生
bring in 收（庄稼）,提出,（使）得到（收入）,引入,增加,
bring on 使发生,引起
bring out 说明,阐明,出版
bring to an end 结束
bring up抚养,培养,呕吐,提出


Call(v.)
call at (a place) 访问（某地）
call back 回电话
call for要求,需要; 邀约（同往）接,取
call in 来访,召来,召集,请来,收回
call on(upon) 拜访/看望(某人),号召,要求
call up 给…打电话,征召（入伍）,叫….起床,使想起（往事）
call off 取消,把…叫开
Catch
1.catch a bad cold
2.catch a bus/train
3.catch fire
4.be caught in the rain/the traffic jam
5.catch hold of
6.catch one’s breath (由于吃惊,害怕等而)屏息, 暂时停止呼吸；缓口气, 歇口气
catch one’s eye 引起注意
catch sight of 看见
catch up with 赶上(某人), 在功课等方面赶上来
catch sb. doing
Come(v.)
in the years to come
come into use 开始被使用
come into view 出现在眼前, 进入视线
come true
how come…? = how does/did it happen?怎么发生的?(某事)怎么解释?
come about 发生,造成
come across /upon（无意中）
碰到,找到,想到,越过
come along 跟去,一道去,赶快,进展
come down 下降,下落,传下来
come into power(office) 执政,就职
come out 出来,出版,发行
come into being/ existence 产生,建立
come to 来到（某地）,共计,来参加（活动）,谈到,恢复知觉 = come to onself
come to a conclusion 得出结论
come to an end 结束
come to nothing(no good) 没有结果（没有好处）
die
die away （尤指声音、风、光）渐渐消失
die down （物质特性和感情的）逐渐减弱,逐渐平息
die off (一群生物)相继死去
die out (家族, 种族) 灭绝, 死绝 (做法, 观念) 完全消失, 绝迹, 废除
die for sth. / to do sth. 迫切想得到某物/想做某事
Do (v.)
do sb.justice 公道的对待
do without 不用,不吃,不要
That will do!那就行了!
do a good deed 做好事,干得好,搞好工作
do away with 消灭,清除,取消,破除
do good (to sb.) 有好处,有用处,做好事
do harm (to sb.) 有害处,不利
do sb. a favour 帮个忙
do sb. good/ harm 对某人有好处/坏处
do / try one’s best 尽力,竭力
do the deed 付诸行动,生效
do one’s duty 履行职责
do up 收拾,整理,修理,打扮,包,捆
do with 处理,对付,想,将就用
do wonders 创造奇迹
do experiment/ research
do wrong (right) 做错（对）
have sth (nothing)to do with和…有（无）关
Down(adv. Prep.)
bring down 使倒下,击落
break down 分解
burn down把……烧成平地,烧光
get down to sth/ doing sth.开始认真（做某事）
hand down 把……传下来
put down记下,镇压
tear down 拆毁,拆除
turn down 关小,调低,拒绝
down the road /street 沿这条街
For (prep.)
for a while 暂时,一时
for ever 永远
for free免费
for the moment暂时
for one thing, for another (thing)首先,其次
answer for 为…负责
have a gift for 对……有天赋
make a plan for 为……作计划
pay for sth. 付给…的钱
stand for 代表,象征
as for / to…至于,说到
care for 喜欢,想要
change… for用……换
fix a date for 约定……的日期
make / head for…朝…方向走去
leave / set out / start for…动身前往…
send for 派人去叫、请
search for
From (prep.)
date from = date back to 始于,追溯到
come from
be made from
die from / of
suffer from 患…病,受…之苦
prevent sb. from doing
stop / keep sb. from doing
tell…from..把…与…区别开
tell right from wrong 辨别是非
free …from ...使…免受
separate …from 把…与…分开
protect sth / sb. from 保护…是不受…
from beginning to end
from side to side
from place to place
from door to door
from west to east
from time to time = sometimes
Give (v.)
give away捐赠, 让掉, 分发, 分送；泄露(机密), 暴露(自己的情况)
give back还给, 归还；恢复(健康等)
give on/upon 俯瞰, 对着
give over to移交给, 移作…之用
give place to / give way to
让位给, 转而成为
give rise to 引起
give a talk 作报告,作演讲
give birth to 生,产生
give in 让步,屈服,妥协,投降,交上来
give off （散）发出
give one’s life 献出自己的生命
give sb a hand 帮某人忙
give one’s regards(greetings) to向…问好
give out 散发,分发
give up sth/ doing sth. 放弃,交出,投降
Get (v.)
get about （消息）传开,到处走动
get along 进行,过活,相处,走开
get away 逃掉,逃跑
get away from 避免,摆脱,离开
get back 回来,收回
get close to 接近
get down 记下来,打下来,落下
get down on one’s knees 屈膝下跪
get down to 开始认真（做某事）
get into the habit of 染上.的习惯
get hold of 拿到,找到,抓住
get in 进站,进去,回来,收进去,请来
get in touch with sb. 与某人取得联系
get off 起飞,（动身）离开,脱下（衣服等）
get on （某方面）进行情况,相处,上车, get on well with 与……相处融洽
get over 克服,忍受,摆脱（疾病等）
get rid of 消灭,摆脱,除掉
get round 传开,绕过,回避
get through 做完,结束,通过（电话）接通
get together 聚会,联欢
get up 起床,站起来,举办
get along with sb. 与某人相处
get around/round to sth. 找到时间做某事, 来得及做某事
get into the habit / hobby of.. 养成…习惯/爱好
get off/on the bus/plane/train
Go (v.)
go ahead开始(做某事), 开始(讲话)；
往前走, 走在前面, 先走
go around (疾病)流传, (谣言)传开；满足人人的需要, 足够分配
go back to 可追溯到
go down下降, (价格, 价值, 水平, 质量等) 降低；下沉, 沉没；载入(史册), 传下去
go down with 因…病倒(多指突发病) 无被动
go Dutch 各付各的钱
go fifty-fifty 均分摊, 平分, 合力(做某事)
go from bad to worse 越来越糟, 每况愈下
go halfway (to meet sb.) 作一些妥协让步
go into 调查, 了解, 研究；从事(某一行业)；讨论, 细谈；进入(某种状态)
go to extremes/the other extreme 走极端/走到另一个极端
go with 相配
go without 不吃, 没有(供享用) (常指被迫如此)
go for (无被动)攻击, 抨击, 批评；去找(某人), 想法得到(某物)
go after 追求,设法得到
go away 走开,离开
go against 违反,违背
go ahead 进行,进展,用吧,说吧,先走
go all out 全力以赴
go bad（食物等）变坏,坏掉
go by 走过,经过
go in for 爱好,从事（某种事业或活动）
go on 发生,进行,进展,继续下去
go off 走开
go out 出去,熄灭,过时
go over 温习,审阅,检查,研究
go through审阅,学习,练习,经历,经过
go up上涨,上升
In (prep.,adv.)
in a flash 一刹那间
in a word总之,简言之
in a hurry 匆忙地,很快地
in (actual) fact 事实上


in a sense 从某种意义上说
in a short while 不久,一会而后
in advance 事先,提前
in all 总共,总的来说
in any case不管怎样
in battle 在战斗中
in case 如果,以防（有某种情况）
in chains上着镣铐,在囚禁中
in charge of 主管,负责
in the charge of 被……掌管（负责）
in common 共同,共用
in danger 在危险中
in debt 负债,欠帐
in front 前方,正面对
in front of在……前面
in the front of 在 （某物体内部）的前面
in full 全文地,全部地
in general = generally speaking一般地说
in honour of 为了纪念…,为向…表示敬意
in high / low / poor spirits兴高采烈/情绪低落
in love (with sb.) （和某人）恋爱,热爱
in modern / ancient times 现代,近代/在古代
in one’s opinion 据（某人的）看法
in order to(that) 为了, 以便
in other words 换句话说
in a word = in short 总之,简而言之
in peace 平静地,安宁地
in place of = instead of 代替
in public 在公众面前,公开地
in search of 寻找
in (one’s) search for 寻找,寻求
in return 作为报答
in silence 沉默地,无声地
in short(=in a word ) 总之
in space 在宇宙空间,在太空
in the air 在空中
in the sky 在天空
in spite of 尽管
in that case 假如那样的话
in /during the course of 在……过程中
in the day = in the day time在白天
in the future 将来,以后
in future 今后,日后
in the end 最后
in the meantime 与此同时
in the middle (of)在……中间
in the direction of 朝着….的方向
in all directions =in every direction朝四面八方
in time 及时地
in good time / season 及时地,适时地
in turn 轮流
in return（作为）回报
believe in 相信,信任
bring in 引进,引来,吸收
call in 召来,召集
hand in 上交,递交
hand in hand 并进,联合,手牵手
drop in 顺便走访
drop in on sb. / drop in at a place
join in 参加/加入（某项活动）
once in a while 偶尔,间或
play a part / role in 在…起作用 / 扮演角色
stand in line 站在队伍里
succeed in sth. / doing sth. （在…方面）成功
take part in参加
Keep (v.)
keep a promise 遵守诺言
keep a secret 守秘密
keep watch 注意,警惕,提防
keep back 扣下,隐瞒,忍住（眼泪）
keep body and soul together 维持生活
keep / bear in mind记住,想着
keep off 避开,挡住,不接近
keep one’s balance 保持平衡
keep on doing继续（干）
keep out 遮挡,使不入内
keep silence 保持沉默（安静）
keep sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事
keep up 保持,维持,继续（某活动）
keep up with 跟上,及时了解（情况）
Let
let alone (用于表示接着提到的事更不可能) 更不用说, 更谈不上
let sb./sth. alone 对某人/某事放任不管/置之不理
let sb./sth. be 不打搅/不干涉某人/某事
let down 把(衣服)加长,放大； 使某人失望, 失约于某人
let in 把某人/某物放入, 允许进入容许, 许可
let sb./sth. off宽恕,从轻处理；免除（责任,处分等）；放(枪, 炮等), 使爆炸
let out放出, 释放；泄露, 使知道
let sb. go 放某人走, 让某人逃走
Look（v.）
look about/around环顾四周,四周寻找
look up to 尊敬
look on 观望, 旁观
look after 照顾 ,照管
look as if 看起来似乎
look back（upon）回想,回顾
6 高中英语常用词组归纳

come on 来吧,赶快
congratulate …on 祝贺
depend on = rely on依靠,相信, 取决于
from then(now) on 从那时（现在）起
feed on以……为主食
have…on穿着,戴着
have an effect on 对……产生作用
insist on doing sth 坚持要做…
live on 靠…为生
look down on(upon) 轻视,看不起
keep on (doing sth) 继续（做某事）
move on 继续前进,
pass on 传递,转移到
play a joke / trick on 戏弄（某人）
spend / waste money / time on sth.
Out(adv.,prep)
break out 爆发,突然发生
carry out 开展,执行,实现
check out 查明,结帐
die out 消失,灭亡
find out 找出,查出
give out 分发,散发,用完
hand out分发
help…out 帮某人从困境中解脱
hold out 伸出
look out 留神,当心
pick out 挑出
point out 指出
put out 扑灭,关熄
run out of 用完
send out 发出,派遣
set out发出,开始
show…out 领……出去
try out 实验
work out 算出,解决,制定出
be tired / worn out 精疲力竭
out of 从……向（往）外
out of breath 上气不接下气
out of work 失业,没工作
out of one’s reach 够不着
out of question 没问题
out of the question 不可能
Put（v.）
put sb./sth. through to sb 为某人接通电话
put sb. up 向某人提供食宿
put up with sb./sth 忍受或容忍某人/某事
put away 存起来,收拾起来
put back 推迟,放回（原处）,拨回（时钟）
put down 写下来,镇压
put forward 提出,提前
put in order 整理
put into practice 付诸实施
put off 推迟,延期,关上（开关等）
put on 穿（戴）上,上演,打开（开关等）
put on weight 增加体重
put out 熄灭,生产,出版
put up 举（架）起,修建,张贴,留宿
send
send away/off for sth. 写信索取, 邮购
send back 退还不要, 退货, 发送回来
send down = cause to go down 使下降
send for 派人去请/取, 叫； 去信索取, 邮购
send in (向上级等) 提出, 交上去, 寄去(投稿等)
send off发(信, 包裹), 发送(信息)；（给…送行
send on 转寄(信件)到新地址, 转送(信件)
send out发出, 发；发出(光亮等), 长出(嫩芽等)
send out for 派人出去买/取
send to 让上(学等)
send to one’s death 使…送命
send up发射, 发出
Set （v.）
set aside 储存
set back阻碍…的进展,使受挫,延缓
set about doing 开始（着手）做
set an example 作出榜样
set down 放下,写（记）下
set fire to=set…on fire 放火,烧着 set off 使爆炸,引起,起程
set out 出发,动身,开始,着手,列举,
set sail 起航
set to work （使）开始做……
set up 立（支）起来,成（建）立
Take（v.）
take sth. seriously 认真对待某事
take sth. into consideration 考虑某事
take sth. lying down承认失败
take a（one’s）seat 就座,坐下
take a look at 看一下
take a photograph （of）照一张（…的）相
take aim 瞄准
take an action 采取行动
take an interest in 对……感兴趣
take along 随身带着
take away拿走,拿开,使离开
take back 收回,让退（货）
take…by surprise 使…吃惊,出奇兵攻占
take care 注意,当心
take care of 照顾,负责
take charge of 负责
take exercise 做运动
take…for granted 视为当然,想必是
take hold of 抓住,握住
take in 订阅,使上当,收留,吸收

take…in one’s arm （拥）抱
take it easy 别紧张,放松些
take note（notice）of 注意,理会
take notes 记录,作笔记
take off 脱掉,起飞,减（去）掉
take （a day）off休假（一天）
take office 就职,上任
take on 雇用,招收,具有（……的意思）,take on a new look呈现一片新面貌
takeone’s defeat(things)lying down甘心失败
take (an active) part in（积极）参加
take one’s place 就座,代替某人的职务
take place 发生,举行
take the place of 代替,取代
take possession of 占有,拥有
take pride in 为……感到骄傲
take turns ( to do…)轮流 (做)
take up 开始学习,开始（某活动,空间）
take up arms 拿起武器
Turn(v.)
turn a deaf ear (blind eye)to不听（不理睬）
turn down 拒绝,关小点
turn in 上交,交进去,上床睡觉
turn on(off) 打开（关）
turn out 结果,原来（情况是）,产生,制造
turn over 移交,打翻,翻耕,翻阅,考虑
turn to 求助于,翻到,转到
turn up 出席,出现,开大点,查找
turn around/round 转过身
turn away 不理睬
turn back 折回, 往回走
turn into 变为, 使变为; 翻译, 译为(另种文体)
turn over a new leaf 翻开新的一页, 重新开始, 改过自新
turn a blind eye to 视而不见, 故意不理turn a deaf ear to 充耳不闻
Up(adv.)
break up 分解,腐蚀
bring up 教育,培养,提出,呕吐
build up 逐步实现
clear up 整理,弄清,晴（开）朗起来
come up 抬头,上来,上升
cut up 切碎,齐根切断
divide up 分配
eat up 吃完,吃光
use up 用光
fix up 安顿,修理好
give up (doing) 放弃,投降,献出
go up 上涨,上升
grow up 生长,长大
hold up 抬起,阻挡,使停顿
join up 把…连接（联合）起来
make up 编出,构成,弥补
open up 开创,开辟
pick up 接收,拾起,捡起
put up 举（架）起,张贴,留宿
round up 赶拢,使集拢
speed up 加快速度
set up 建立,创立
stay up 不睡,挺住,站立
take up 占去,占据
throw up 呕吐,吐出
turn up 到达,出现
wake up 醒来
Way(n.)
all the way从远处, 全程,一直地
ask the way 问路
by the way 顺便说（问）
by way of 取道,经由
have a long way to go 还有很长的路
in a(one) way 在某种程度上
in a bad way 身体状况不好,情况不妙
in any way 在任何（哪）方面
in every way 在各方面,以各种方式
in many ways 在很多方面
in no way 怎样也不,决不
in the (a) family way 怀孕了
in the way / in one’s way 碍事,妨碍
lead the way 带路
make one’s way to 向……走去
lose one’s way 迷路
make way for 给……让路
on the way (to) 在（去）……路上
With(prep.)
agree with sb. / what-clause
(但：agree to sth. / a plan, suggestion…)
compare …with…把…与…相比较
be rich / high in 盛产,…含量丰富

1. 主格独立结构
2. 带with的独立结构
<><><>
1. 主格独立结构有以下几种类型：
名词(代词) + ing形式
名词(代词) + 过去分词
名词(代词) + 不定式
无动词独立结构
<><><>
2. 带with的独立结构有以下几种类型：
with＋名词＋介词短语
with...

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1. 主格独立结构
2. 带with的独立结构
<><><>
1. 主格独立结构有以下几种类型：
名词(代词) + ing形式
名词(代词) + 过去分词
名词(代词) + 不定式
无动词独立结构
<><><>
2. 带with的独立结构有以下几种类型：
with＋名词＋介词短语
with＋名词＋形容词
with＋名词＋副词
with＋名词＋名词
with＋名词＋ing形式
with＋名词＋ed分词
with＋名词＋不定式
主格独立结构的句法功能

主格独立结构主要用来作状语，偶尔用来作补充说明。
Weather permitting; we shall hold a sport meet in time.（独立结构作条件状语）
如果天气许可，我们将按时举办运动会。
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Spring having come; it is getting warmer and warmer.（作时间状语）
春天来了，天气越来越暖和。
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We shall assemble at 10:45, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.（作原因状语）
我们在10:45集合，因为游行队伍将在11点准时行动。
<><><>
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
（many of them children是对Two hundred people的补充说明）
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。

何时采用主格独立结构

主格独立结构是用于补充ing形式作状语的不足。
Looking out of the window, I saw many green trees.
往窗外一望，我看到了许多绿树。
此句的 I 既是 saw 的施动者，又是 Looking out 的施动者。
<><><>
如果主句的施动者和状语的施动者不是同一个人，则必须采用主格独立结构，如：
John arriving home, Mary asked him to dine.
约翰回家时，玛丽请他吃饭。

名词(代词)+ ing形式

Time permitting; we’ll go out for a walk.
时间许可的话，我们出去散步一下。
Weather permitting; we shall hold a sport meet in time.
如果天气许可，我们将按时举办运动会。
God willing, I will fly to Paris.
如果上帝愿意，我将飞往巴黎。
No further discussion arising, the meeting was brought to a close.
由于没有进一步的讨论，所以就休会了。
Spring having come; it is getting warmer and warmer.
春天来了，天气越来越暖和。

名词(代词) + 过去分词

Lunch finished, the guest retired to the lounge.
午餐后，客人们到客厅休息去了。
His voice drowned by the noise, the speaker interrupted his lecture.
由于噪声盖过了他的嗓音，发言人中断了演讲。
The purse not yet found, we went to the police.
由于钱包还没有找到，所以我们到警察局报案。

名词(代词)+不定式

We shall assemble at 10:45, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.
我们在10:45集合，因为游行队伍将在11点准时行动。
The plan was that the two parties should first reach an agreement on the
basic principle, the details to be worked out later.
计划是两党首先在基本原则上达成一致，细节以后再解决。

无动词独立结构

名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词) +介词短语。
<><><>
He went off, gun in hand.
他离去，手里拿着枪。
The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.
地板又湿又滑，我们呆在室外。
The meal over, prayers were read by Miss Miller.
饭后，米勒小姐作了祷告。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。

with＋名词＋介词短语

with ＋名词（代词）＋介词短语
We sat on the dry grass with our backs to the wall.
我们背靠着墙壁，坐在干草上。
He was asleep with his arms on his heads.
他头枕着胳膊，睡着了。
He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand．
他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。
They ran to the hero, flowers in hand.
他们手持鲜花朝着英雄跑去。
Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes.
妈妈眼含泪水看着我。
The girl reached a river bank with so many flowers on both banks.
这个女孩来到了两岸开满鲜花的河边。
With friends like that, who needs enemies? CGEL8.132
Without some indication of her approval, we shouldn’t make up our minds on this occasion. CGEL8.132
~ the girl with a boyfriend in the navy CGEL9.55
They work both with or without assistant from me. CGEL9.55
They work with assistant from me. CGEL9.55
They work without assistant from me. CGEL9.55
With the children at school, we can’t take our vacations we want to.
CGEL14.9
With you as my friend, I don’t need enemies. CGEL14.15
With tears of joy in her eyes, she saw her daughter married. CGEL15.60

with＋名词＋形容词

with ＋名词（代词）＋形容词
He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open．
他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。
They went to bed with all the windows open.
他们上床睡了，窗户都开着。
a room with its door open CGEL9.55
With the house empty, John felt miserable. CGEL9.55

with＋名词＋副词

with ＋名词（代词）＋ 副词
With John away, we’ve got more room.
约翰离开了，我们就有更多的空间。
Anderson was lying on the bed with his clothes on.
安德生和衣卧床。
The boy stood there, with his head down.<