关于竹子的文章急急

关于竹子的文章急急
关于竹子的文章急急

关于竹子的文章急急
SPECIES SELECTION - Bamboos are a primitive sub family of grasses that include over 70 genera and 1,200 species worldwide. They are native to all continents except Europe, Antarctica & the Arctic. The various species are adapted to a wide climatic range from cold temperate to tropical. For any climatic region, except for the extremely dry or cold, there are potentially 100's of species to chose from. In Australia there are 5 native species and the number of species & varieties available from nurseries has gone from 20 -30 in the early 80's to well over 200 today and more are being introduced all the time. Of the 1,200 species worldwide only about 100 rank in the 'Elite Bamboos' being significantly useful.
Care should be taken when selecting species for the garden or farm. All bamboos, both clumping and running forms, use an increasing amount of space as time goes by. Unless they are utilised or very much appreciated, they can become a liability requiring unrewarded effort to control their spread, especially if space is limited. We have realised this over the years and have culled most of the purely ornamental species from our collection without really compromising aesthetics; they are all beautiful and many of the important commercial species are outstandingly so. In a small yard it can often be more advantageous to grow a large clumping variety that produces edible shoots and useful culms than a small ornamental type. Placed in a central position like the middle of a lawn it can provide all the benefits of a feature tree while being kept in check and looking good by the harvest of shoots and culms. The leaves make an excellent 'seed free' mulch for annual gardens.
VILLAGE BAMBOOS - We specialise in 'village bamboos' i.e. those species that the rural folk from countries with a long history of bamboo utilisation have selected and cultivated for food, craft and construction purposes. We are in the process of collecting superior clones of these species from the various regions around the world that may best suit our warm-temperate to sub-tropical climate. These useful species have the potential to make a real contribution towards protecting native forests by providing an alternative material to timber. Bamboo can produce 10 times more cellulose material per hectare per year than even fast growing trees like Pinus radiata, it doesn't require heavy machinery to harvest and is user friendly. With simple tools it can be fashioned into a thousand useful items from toothpicks to houses. In recent years there has been a lot of industrial development - paper, plywood and particle board products made of bamboo; even sheets of corrugated roofing! Other uses of bamboo as living plants include nutrient uptake in waste water, erosion control, windbreaks, hedges & fodder.
With 20yrs of experience with bamboo I have trialed over 150 species to get to our present list. Each year we decide to discontinue certain species for various reasons – pest or disease prone, inferior timber, bad growth form.. etc. So if its not on this list it is very likely not worth growing. As time goes by the bamboo list will be more & more refined.
CLUMPING & RUNNING MODES OF GROWTH - As with other grasses generally, there are basically two modes of growth in bamboos, clumping & running with some variations. Clumping or 'sympodial' bamboos have short fat rhizomes that form clumps. How tight or open a clump is depends on the length of the rhizome neck of the particular species. They are most commonly tropical to sub-tropical with some of them able to tolerate some frost. They produce shoots in late summer and autumn.
Running or monopodial bamboos have long adventitious rhizomes that are cylindrical and segmented like the culms. These bamboos give rise to evenly spaced culms some distance apart. The larger species form groves that resemble timber pole forests, the culms are very straight and because of the light conditions only have branches on the upper portions. They are temperate climate plants that tolerate many degrees of frost and even annual snow cover. They produce shoots in spring and grow best in frost prone situations. In fact, they become stunted in warm situations with insufficient winter chill. Their spread can be controlled in various ways…..by natural boundaries such as:- hard roads; reasonably permanent water courses; grazing or timely mowing. Installing underground rhizome barriers of concrete, conveyor belt rubber, or the like can also control them. The barrier should be dug to 1m below the surface or a hard infertile subsoil layer and allowing at least 100 mm to protrude above ground. In dry areas with access to water they will only grow within the limits of the irrigation. The genus PHYLLOSTACHYS are the most useful of the running bamboos and the only ones that we grow and sell.
Recommended Reading
SPECIES SELECTION - Bamboos are a primitive sub family of grasses that include over 70 genera and 1,200 species worldwide. They are native to all continents except Europe, Antarctica & the Arctic. The various species are adapted to a wide climatic range from cold temperate to tropical. For any climatic region, except for the extremely dry or cold, there are potentially 100's of species to chose from. In Australia there are 5 native species and the number of species & varieties available from nurseries has gone from 20 -30 in the early 80's to well over 200 today and more are being introduced all the time. Of the 1,200 species worldwide only about 100 rank in the 'Elite Bamboos' being significantly useful.
Care should be taken when selecting species for the garden or farm. All bamboos, both clumping and running forms, use an increasing amount of space as time goes by. Unless they are utilised or very much appreciated, they can become a liability requiring unrewarded effort to control their spread, especially if space is limited. We have realised this over the years and have culled most of the purely ornamental species from our collection without really compromising aesthetics; they are all beautiful and many of the important commercial species are outstandingly so. In a small yard it can often be more advantageous to grow a large clumping variety that produces edible shoots and useful culms than a small ornamental type. Placed in a central position like the middle of a lawn it can provide all the benefits of a feature tree while being kept in check and looking good by the harvest of shoots and culms. The leaves make an excellent 'seed free' mulch for annual gardens.
VILLAGE BAMBOOS - We specialise in 'village bamboos' i.e. those species that the rural folk from countries with a long history of bamboo utilisation have selected and cultivated for food, craft and construction purposes. We are in the process of collecting superior clones of these species from the various regions around the world that may best suit our warm-temperate to sub-tropical climate. These useful species have the potential to make a real contribution towards protecting native forests by providing an alternative material to timber. Bamboo can produce 10 times more cellulose material per hectare per year than even fast growing trees like Pinus radiata, it doesn't require heavy machinery to harvest and is user friendly. With simple tools it can be fashioned into a thousand useful items from toothpicks to houses. In recent years there has been a lot of industrial development - paper, plywood and particle board products made of bamboo; even sheets of corrugated roofing! Other uses of bamboo as living plants include nutrient uptake in waste water, erosion control, windbreaks, hedges & fodder.
With 20yrs of experience with bamboo I have trialed over 150 species to get to our present list. Each year we decide to discontinue certain species for various reasons – pest or disease prone, inferior timber, bad growth form.. etc. So if its not on this list it is very likely not worth growing. As time goes by the bamboo list will be more & more refined.
CLUMPING & RUNNING MODES OF GROWTH - As with other grasses generally, there are basically two modes of growth in bamboos, clumping & running with some variations. Clumping or 'sympodial' bamboos have short fat rhizomes that form clumps. How tight or open a clump is depends on the length of the rhizome neck of the particular species. They are most commonly tropical to sub-tropical with some of them able to tolerate some frost. They produce shoots in late summer and autumn.
Running or monopodial bamboos have long adventitious rhizomes that are cylindrical and segmented like the culms. These bamboos give rise to evenly spaced culms some distance apart. The larger species form groves that resemble timber pole forests, the culms are very straight and because of the light conditions only have branches on the upper portions. They are temperate climate plants that tolerate many degrees of frost and even annual snow cover. They produce shoots in spring and grow best in frost prone situations. In fact, they become stunted in warm situations with insufficient winter chill. Their spread can be controlled in various ways…..by natural boundaries such as:- hard roads; reasonably permanent water courses; grazing or timely mowing. Installing underground rhizome barriers of concrete, conveyor belt rubber, or the like can also control them. The barrier should be dug to 1m below the surface or a hard infertile subsoil layer and allowing at least 100 mm to protrude above ground. In dry areas with access to water they will only grow within the limits of the irrigation. The genus PHYLLOSTACHYS are the most useful of the running bamboos and the only ones that we grow and sell.
Recommended Reading
http://www.earthcare.com.au/bamboo_notes.htm

竹子生长快，成材早，产量高，用途广。一般竹子造林5—10年以后，就可以年年砍伐利用。
竹篱笆在农业方面，竹子的利用更为普遍。竹子可编制各种农具，如箩筛、簸箕、扫帚、晒垫等。将竹子的竹节打通当作水管，供农田灌溉和引水之用。四川自贡盐区用竹管输送盐卤，费用低廉，经久耐用。大竹秆削去竹青，扎成竹筏，吃水浅，浮力大，至今仍是我国南方内河上游传统的交通工具。在水利工程上，劈竹成篾，编成石笼，内装...

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竹子生长快，成材早，产量高，用途广。一般竹子造林5—10年以后，就可以年年砍伐利用。
竹篱笆在农业方面，竹子的利用更为普遍。竹子可编制各种农具，如箩筛、簸箕、扫帚、晒垫等。将竹子的竹节打通当作水管，供农田灌溉和引水之用。四川自贡盐区用竹管输送盐卤，费用低廉，经久耐用。大竹秆削去竹青，扎成竹筏，吃水浅，浮力大，至今仍是我国南方内河上游传统的交通工具。在水利工程上，劈竹成篾，编成石笼，内装石块，围在岸边用来防止河岸冲刷，巩固堤坝，修建水库，在都江堰等全国著名水利工程上被广泛使用。在渔业生产中，竹子也广为利用，从简单渔具到复杂的器具，水产养殖的固定支架和漂浮物均要用竹子制成，渔船的网架、桅杆、船篷、船篱也都离不开竹子。
在园林绿化观赏上，竹子的利用正受到人们的普遍关注。广州富韵竹园林绿化工程有限公司首创园林绿化观赏竹子的设计、施工、养护和返收购一条龙服务。竹，虽无梅的俏姿，菊的艳丽，兰的芳香，松的雄伟。然而，竹的高节心虚，正直的性格和婆娑，惹人喜爱，受人赞诵。所谓“松、竹、梅”岁寒三友，“梅、兰、菊、竹”四君子，构成中国园林的特色。纵观古今，爱竹、书竹、画竹、诗竹之士，不仅喜竹之外形，更爱竹之内涵，无不把竹子当作做人之楷模。因此，人们喜欢在房屋周围、庭园、公园里种植竹子。园艺爱好者用竹子制作盆景。宜作盆景的竹子品种很多，如盆景中被列为十八学士之一的凤尾竹、娟秀文雅的观音竹、潇洒飘逸的佛肚竹，情韵幽深的湘妃竹、骨节劲奇的罗汉竹、秆紫古朴的柴竹等。
竹笋是我国人民传统的素食品种之一，用现代工业化方法将各种鲜笋加工成罐头食品，不仅可满足无竹地区人民食笋的需要，而且竹笋加工业已成为我国重要出口创汇行业。竹笋中含有多种氨基酸和微量元素，营养学家认为竹笋是天然的保健食品，它纤维含量高，脂肪含量低，能促进肠胃消化和排泄，常食竹笋可减少有害物质在体内的滞留和吸收，具有防癌和减肥的功效。红竹、黄秆乌哺鸡竹等优质笋用竹，竹笋不仅味道鲜美、营养丰富，而且产量高，红竹等竹种在农村中已开始推广种植。
竹杆光滑坚强，纹理通直，是制造乐器、文化体育用品、家具以及工艺美术品等的重要材料。在人们的日常生活中，采用各种竹子制成的家具和用品占很大的比重。竹竿和竹制工艺品已成为重要的出口商品，例如著名的茶秆已有100多年的出口历史，主要用于钓鱼竿和滑雪杖；竹簧雕刻、竹席、竹屏、竹瓶都是驰名海内外的工艺美术品。
竹子生长快，成材早，一次栽植成功就永续利用，而且竹子枝叶茂盛，根系发达，竹鞭纵横交结，具有调节气候，涵养水源，保持水土，固土防冲，防风减灾等良好功能，对维持生态平衡，保护人类生存环境起到很好的作用。竹子是环保先锋，由于质地坚硬，在许多方面可以取代木材甚至塑料：
新竹形成后，竹子的秆形生长结束，竹秆的高度、粗度和体积不再有明显的变化，但竹秆的组织幼嫩，含水量高，干物质少。例如毛竹的幼秆干物质重量仅相当于老化成熟后的40％，其余的60％ 要靠日后的成竹生长来完成。成竹生长既影响竹材的性质，又关系到竹林的更新发展， 在竹林经营管理上，必须二者兼顾，不能偏废。 (1)成林生长的竹龄阶段：根据成竹的生理活动 和物理力学性质的变化，可以分为三个竹龄阶段，即幼林一壮龄竹阶段、 中龄竹阶段和老龄竹阶段，相当于竹秆材质生长的增进期、稳定期和下降期。 ①幼一壮龄竹阶段：幼竹是从壮龄竹鞭上生长出来的，富有生活力。随着竹龄的增加，经过根系发展和竹叶更新，竹子的叶绿素、糖分等营养元素都处于高水平状态，是竹林生理代谢最旺、抽鞭发笋最强时期。此时竹秆细胞壁逐渐加厚，内含物逐渐减少，干物质逐渐增加，竹材的物理力学性质也相应不断增长，竹秆的材质生长处于增进期。 ②中龄竹阶段：竹株的营养物质含量和生理活动强度，均处于高水平的稳定状态；随即出现下降趋势；所连的竹鞭也逐渐老化，开始失去抽鞭发笋的能力。竹秆的材质生长到了成熟时期，容重和力学强度都稳定在最高水平。 ③老龄竹阶段：中龄以后的竹子，生活力衰退。由于呼吸的消耗和物质的转移，竹秆的重量、力学强度和营养物质含量也相应降低，形成生理上的收支不平衡和材质生长上的下降趋势。 (2)竹龄和含水量：成竹生长是竹秆的老化过程，随着竹龄的增加，竹子各器官的水分含量也起着相应的变化。毛竹各器官的含水量，随年龄增加而下降，即幼竹高，老竹低。新生的叶、枝、秆、鞭的含水率高。在老化初期，下降的趋势非常明显，2年生以后，枝秆鞭的含水率逐渐稳定，只随季节的推进而有小幅度的变化。从部位来看，竹秆基部的含水率高、中部次之，梢部最低；竹 壁内层(竹黄)的含水率最高，中部次之，外部（竹青）最低。这种规律不因竹龄和季节的变化而改变。 (3)竹林与营养物质含量：毛竹的秆、枝、叶内营养物质的含量，除SiO2外，都随竹龄的增加而逐渐下降，表现出竹子老化衰退的共同的趋势。

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