英语翻译【高血压的并发症】高血压病患者由于动脉压持续性升高,引发全身小动脉硬化,从而影响组织器官的血液供应,造成各种严重的后果,成为高血压病的并发症.高血压常见的并发症有冠

英语翻译【高血压的并发症】高血压病患者由于动脉压持续性升高,引发全身小动脉硬化,从而影响组织器官的血液供应,造成各种严重的后果,成为高血压病的并发症.高血压常见的并发症有冠
英语翻译
【高血压的并发症】
高血压病患者由于动脉压持续性升高,引发全身小动脉硬化,从而影响组织器官的血液供应,造成各种严重的后果,成为高血压病的并发症.高血压常见的并发症有冠心病、糖尿病、心力衰竭、高血脂、肾病、周围动脉疾病、中风、左心室肥厚等.在高血压的各种并发症中,以心、脑、肾的损害最为显著.
心力衰竭.心脏（主要是左心室）因克服全身小动脉硬化所造成的外周阻力增大而加强工作,于是发生心肌代偿性肥大.左心室肌壁逐渐肥厚,心腔也显著扩张,心脏重量增加,当代偿机能不足时,便成为高血压性心脏病,心肌收缩力严重减弱而引起心力衰竭.由于高血压病患者常伴有冠状动脉粥样硬化,使负担加重的心脏处于缺血、缺氧状态,因而更易发生心力衰竭.
脑出血.脑内小动脉的肌层和外膜均不发达,管壁薄弱,发生硬化的脑内小动脉若再伴有痉挛,便易发生渗血或破裂性出血（即脑出血）.脑出血是晚期高血压最严重的并发症.出血部位多在内囊和基底节附近,临床上表现为偏瘫、失语等.
肾功能不全.由于肾入球小动脉的硬化,使大量肾单位（即肾小球和肾小管）,因慢性缺血而发生萎缩,并继以纤维组织增生（这种病变称为高血压性肾硬化）.残存的肾单位则发生代偿性肥大,扩张.在肾硬化时,患者尿中可出现较多的蛋白和较多的红细胞.在疾病的晚期,由于大量肾单位遭到破坏,以致肾脏排泄功能障碍,体内代谢终末产物,如非蛋白氮等,不能全部排出而在体内潴留,水盐代谢和酸碱平衡也发生紊乱,造成自体中毒,出现尿毒症.
高血压诊断
高血压病人的初次体检应尽可能包括以下内容：
1、血压.两侧血压对比核实,
取较高侧的数值.如果两侧血压的差值大于20毫米汞柱,较低的一侧有可能是肱动脉以上的大血管特别是锁骨下动脉发生了狭窄,狭窄的原因最常见的是动脉粥样硬化、阻塞.
2、身高、体重及腰围.肥胖、尤其是向心性肥胖是高血压病的重要危险因素,正如俗话所说,腰带越长,寿命越短.
3、用眼底镜观察视网膜病变.视网膜动脉的变化可以反映高血压外周小动脉的病变程度,外周小动脉硬化程度越重、心脏的负荷越重.
4、有无颈部血管杂音、颈静脉怒张或甲状腺肿大、腹部血管杂音及肿块、周围动脉搏动等,以排除继发性高血压.
5、心肺检查以及神经系统检查等,了解有无高血压所致的心脑血管并发症.
高血压病人的常规检查包括以下内容：
1、血尿常规.如果出现贫血、血尿、蛋白质等,应考虑为肾性高血压,或者高血压病导致了严重的肾功能损伤.
2、血生化.如血钾、血钠、肝肾功能、血糖、血脂等.血钾低有继发性高血压的可能.肝肾功能的检查有利于医生根据患者的情况选择降压药物,血糖血脂的检测可以了解有没有心脑血管疾病的其他危险因素.
3、心电图.有利于了解高血压病患者有无高血压病所致的心肌肥厚、心律失常或心肌缺血.

英语翻译【高血压的并发症】高血压病患者由于动脉压持续性升高,引发全身小动脉硬化,从而影响组织器官的血液供应,造成各种严重的后果,成为高血压病的并发症.高血压常见的并发症有冠
Complications of hypertension 【】
　　Patients with essential hypertension as a result of sustained increased arterial pressure,lead to systemic small artery,thus affecting the blood supply to tissues and organs,resulting in a variety of serious consequences,as a complication of hypertension.Common complication of high blood pressure have coronary heart disease,diabetes,heart failure,high blood lipids,kidney disease,peripheral arterial disease,stroke,such as left ventricular hypertrophy.In the various complications of high blood pressure to heart,brain and kidney damage to the most significant.
　　Heart failure.Heart (mainly the left ventricle) to overcome the body due to small artery caused by increased peripheral resistance and strengthen the work,the occurrence of compensatory myocardial hypertrophy.Progressive left ventricular wall muscle hypertrophy,the heart cavity is also a significant expansion,increase in heart weight,when the lack of compensatory function,they become hypertensive heart disease,myocardial contractility of heart failure caused a serious decline.Often accompanied by hypertensive patients due to have coronary atherosclerosis,so that increasing the burden on the heart in ischemia,hypoxia,and thus more susceptible to heart failure.
　　Cerebral hemorrhage.Myometrial small arteries of the brain and the outer membrane are developed,the wall is weak,hardening of the brain occur if accompanied by a small artery spasm,it will be the occurrence of bleeding or rupture of hemorrhage (ie,cerebral hemorrhage).Cerebral hemorrhage is the most serious late complications of hypertension.Bleeding,including multi-site near the capsule and basal ganglia,clinically manifested as hemiplegia,aphasia,etc..
　　Renal insufficiency.Since the goal of small renal arteries hardening,so that a large number of renal units (that is,glomerular and tubular),due to chronic ischemia and atrophy,and followed by fibrous tissue hyperplasia (such as high blood pressure and kidney disease hardening).Remnant nephron compensatory hypertrophy occurred,expansion.Sclerosis in the kidney,the urine can occur in patients with more protein and more red blood cells.Late in the disease,due to the destruction of a large number of renal units,resulting in excretion of renal dysfunction,metabolic end products,such as non-protein nitrogen and so on,not all discharges and retention in the body,water and salt metabolism and acid-base balance disorder also occurred,caused by self-poisoning,there uremia.
　　Diagnosis of hypertension
　　Hypertensive patients should be the initial physical examination include the following:
　　1,blood pressure.Comparison of blood pressure on both sides of the verification,
　　Check the value the higher side.If both sides of the blood pressure difference greater than 20 mm Hg,the lower side of the brachial artery may be more than the great vessels especially the subclavian artery occurred in a narrow,narrow is the most common cause of atherosclerosis,obstruction.
　　2,height,weight and waist circumference.Obesity,obesity in particular to mind is the importance of hypertension risk factors,as the saying goes,the longer the belt,the shorter life expectancy.
　　3,observed by ophthalmoscopy retinopathy.Changes in retinal arterial blood pressure may reflect the small peripheral artery disease,peripheral artery small extent the more serious,more serious heart load.
　　4,whether or not the neck vascular murmur,jugular vein or goiter怒张,abdominal vascular murmur and mass,such as peripheral arterial pulse in order to exclude secondary hypertension.
　　5,cardiopulmonary examination and inspection of the nervous system to understand whether the hypertension caused by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications.
　　Routine examination of hypertensive patients include the following:
　　1,conventional hematuria.If there is anemia,hematuria,protein,etc.,should be considered for the renal hypertension,or hypertension has led to serious kidney damage.
　　2,blood biochemistry.Such as potassium,sodium,liver and kidney function,blood glucose,blood lipids,such as.Low serum potassium have the possibility of secondary hypertension.Check liver and kidney function in patients with help doctors choose based on antihypertensive drugs,blood glucose test lipid can understand there is no cardio-cerebral vascular diseases other risk factors.
　　3,electrocardiogram.Will help to understand whether patients with essential hypertension hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy,arrhythmia,or myocardial ischemia.