初三英语短语and语法归纳

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初三英语短语and语法归纳初三英语短语and语法归纳初三英语短语and语法归纳and是英语中使用频率极高的连词,用来连接词、短语和句子.笔者根据九年制义务教育初中英语新教材,试就and的用法进行归纳,

初三英语短语and语法归纳
初三英语短语and语法归纳

初三英语短语and语法归纳
and是英语中使用频率极高的连词,用来连接词、短语和句子. 笔者根据九年制义务教育初中英语新教材,试就and的用法进行归纳, 以利于读者理解与掌握.
  一、and连接两个数词或连接百位和十位之间的数词, 前者可译为“加”,后者则不译.如:
  What's one and two?一加二是多少?
  There are three hundred and sixty-five days in a year.一年有365天.
  二、and用于固定词组或结构中 如:
  Both John and Ann have got pen friends.约翰和安都有笔友.
  The museum is between the post office and the hospital. 博物馆位于邮局和医院之间.
  I love autumn because it's nice and cool.我喜爱秋天, 因为它很凉爽.
  三、表示条件和结果 在祈使句后,常用and连接一个简单句, 表示条件与结果的关系,它们在语法上是并列关系,但在意义上却是主从关系,也可译为“如果……就……”.如:
  Work hard and you will live happily.=If you work hard,you will live happily.如果你努力工作,你就会活得愉快.
  Come early and you will see him.=If you come early, you will see him.如果你早来的话,你就会见到他.
  四、表示承接关系 and用在句首,起承上启下的作用, 可译为“因此”、“那么”、“于是”等,也可不译.如:
  And what's this?那么这是什么呢?
  And the air today is nice and clean.今天的空气真清新.
  五、表示动词的先后关系 and常用来连接两个动词或动词词组,后一个动词所表示的动作发生得迟一点
  .此时and相当于then, 可译为“然后”.如:
  Then he got out of the lift and climbed up to the fifteenth floor on foot.于是他从电梯里走出来,然后步行爬上第15层楼.
  Go along the street,and take the third turning on the right.沿这条街走,然后在第三个路口向右拐.[小精灵儿童网站]
六、表示动作上的伴随关系 and连接两个动词, 动作同时发生,前一个动词表示姿势或状态, 后一个动词表示伴随动作, and 相当于while,可译为“边……边……”.如:
  They talked and laughed happily.他们愉快地边谈边笑.
  The baby watched and listened.这个婴儿边看边听.
  七、表示因果关系 and连接两个动词或两个分句, 带有因果关系,此时and相当于so,可译为“便”、“于是”、“因而”、 “结果”等.如:
  She couldn't find her mother and began to cry.她找不到妈妈,于是哭了起来.
  It's a fine day today, and everyone is busy. 今天是个好天气,因而人人都很忙.
  八、表示意义上的增补 and连接两个分句, 第二个分句是第一个分句的补充或进一步说明,可译为“又”、“同时”等.如:
  If you want to be thinner and healthier, you have to eat less food—and you also have to take more exercise. 如果你想既苗条又健康,你就得少吃食物——同时,你还得多进行运动.
  Don't be late—Oh, and put on your old clothes.别迟到——噢,还要穿上你的旧衣服.
  九、表示递进与转折 and表示转折时,相当于but,但语气较弱,可译为“而且”、“可是”、“不过” 或不译.如:
  I mean you eat too much, and you don't take enough exercise.我的意思是你吃的太多,而且运动得不够.
  They call me Lily sometimes, and I don't always tell them that they've made a mistake.他们有时叫我莉莉,但我并不总是告诉他们说他们弄错了.
  十、表示强调,加强语气 用and 连接两个相同的动词表示动作的反复;用and连接两个相同的副词,表示动作的延续;用and连接同一个形容词或副词的比较级表示程度的逐步加深.如:
  The baby laughed and laughed.这个婴儿笑呀,笑个不停.
  They talked on and on very happily.他们很高兴地谈了又谈.
She looked at me and cried harder and harder.她看着我, 哭得越来越厉害.
  十一、and有时连接两个反义词 and连接的两个反义词在句中作状语或后置定语,这两个词的次序不得颠倒.如:
  He uses a lift to go up and down.他乘电梯上楼下楼.
  When Christ was born nearly two thousand years ago. many people, rich and poor, gave him presents.差不多两千年前, 耶稣出生时,许多人,无论贫富,都给他礼物.
  十二、表示并列或对称的关系 and可以用来连接语法作用相同的词、短语或句子,可译为“和”、“并”、“又”、“兼”等.如:
  Lucy and I go to school five days a week. 我和露西每周上五天学.(连接两个并列主语)
  You must look after yourself and keep healthy.你必须照顾自己并保持身体健康.(连接两个并列谓语)
  They teach us Chinese and we teach them English.他们教我们汉语,我们教他们英语.(连接两个简单句)
  如果连接两个以上的词语,通常把and放在最后一个词语前面; 为了强调,可在两者之间分别加上and;把词语连接起来时, 通常把较短的词语放在前面.如:
  I like eggs,meat,rice,bread and milk.我喜欢鸡蛋、肉、米饭、面包和牛奶.
  All that afternoon I jumped and sang and did all kinds of things.那天整个下午我又唱又跳,做各种各样的事情.
  The apples are big and delicious.苹果又大又好吃.
  有些用and连接的词语,次序是固定的,不能随意改变.如:
  men,women and children男人、妇女和儿童;fish and chips 炸鱼加炸土豆片等.
  十三、表示目的 在口语中,and常用在go,come,try等动词后连接另一个动词,表示目的.此时and相当于to,不必译出.如:
  Go and see!去看看!
  Come and meet the family.来见见这家人.

这问题是需要初三英语短语及语法归纳吧?不是单指“and”这个词吧

句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语
1、主语:
(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的,主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么,表示句子说的是“什么人”,或”什么事“,如“我写字”中的“我”,做出写字这个动作。“写”则是谓语,“字”是宾语,是接受谓语“写”这个动作的对象,因此是宾语。如:The painter pa...

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句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语
1、主语:
(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的,主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么,表示句子说的是“什么人”,或”什么事“,如“我写字”中的“我”,做出写字这个动作。“写”则是谓语,“字”是宾语,是接受谓语“写”这个动作的对象,因此是宾语。如:The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)
(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(比较好看,避免头重脚轻)
(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略:(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)
(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:The man looks worried, doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)
(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)
(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如:Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿?) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)
(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)
(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。
2、谓语:是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”,“是什么”或“怎么样”,在主语后接宾语,又称受词,是一个动作的接受者。
(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词 宾语”或“系动词 表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如:
He travelled in space for the first time .(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /
(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:[情态动词] [时态助动词](现在完成时) [语态助动词](如被动语态) [主要动词](不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表) 记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)
(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 原形动词”、“be 原形动词”。
记住使用下列正确形式:
①情态动词 原形动词。如:You’d better go over the lesson.(你最好复习这一课。)
②shall/ will/ would 原形动词。如:They should have been there once.(他们应该去过那儿。)
③be 现在分词或者过去分词。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)---表示一般将来时/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。)
④have 过去分词。如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)
⑤一般时问句和否定句中:do/does/did 原形动词。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子过的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗?)
⑥行为动词1 行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如:He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做个兽医。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着:圣诞快乐!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。)
(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。
(5)谓语动词单复数形式:单数形式的动词有:is,was,has,does以及“动词 s”;复数形式的动词有:are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。
谓语部分第一个动词的形式单数形式复数形式
一般现在时be(是)动词;
现在某些时态和语态的助动词beam (单一); are (单二); is (单三); are
一般过去时be(是)动词;
过去某些时态和语态的助动词bewas (单一); were (单二); was;(单三)were
一般现在时have(有)动词;
现在完成时态的助动词havehave (单一); have (单二); has (单三);have
一般现在时行为动词和助动词dodo (单一、单二); does (单三)do
实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词(否定和疑问句除外)原形动词(单一、单二); 动词 s /es (单三)原形动词
其他各时态语态的谓语动词单复数形式相同
记住:主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。(参见“4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:”) Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)
(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗?----是的。)
3、宾语:又称受词,是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类,其中直接宾语(经常指被做的人)指动作的直接对象,间接宾语说明动作的非直接,但受动作影响的对象。一般而言,及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语,而该宾语通常为直接宾语,有些及物动词要求两个宾语,则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语,另一个为间接宾语。
(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如: The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。) (不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons. (他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。) (动名词作宾语) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。) (从句作宾语)
(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗?)
(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如:What did he see? (他看见了什么?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么写的信?)
(4)“动词 副词 宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如:Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。)
(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构:
①动词 间接宾语(人) 直接宾语(物)。如:He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。)
②动词 直接宾语 介词 间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如: Please make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me.
(6) 在“动词 宾语 宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如:I found the job rather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.
(7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。
4、表语:
(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如:He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(谁呀?)
(2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。
(3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如:It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。
(4) 只能作表语的形容词有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。)
(5) 表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。
5、定语:
(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)
(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序:
冠词/
物代年龄/形状/
大小/温度色彩来源质地/
材料目的/
用途被修饰的名词(中心词)
a
the
my
his
…old,young,…red,
yellow,
blue,
…Chinese,
English,
American,
…wooden,
woolen,
glass,
silk,
paper
…meeting,
tennis,
sports,
reading,
swimming,
…box,
shoes,
room,
pig

long,short,
round, square…
big, large,
small, little…
hot, cold,
warm, cool…
(3) 时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地点副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)
(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。)
(5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如:He remembered everything unusual. (他记得所有不寻常的事情。)
(6) 定语还可以用从句充当,详见 定语从句。
(7) 注意:由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。
6、状语:
(1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如:I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college education was something new.(对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)
(2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活,详见《六

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