求南京大屠杀的英文材料..

求南京大屠杀的英文材料..
求南京大屠杀的英文材料..

求南京大屠杀的英文材料..
The 20th century was marked with the first two world wars in human history.They both broke out in the first half of the century.
On September 18,1931,Japan created the so-called"September 18 Incident" as a pretext to occupy three provinces in Northeast China,thus igniting the fire of a world war.On July 7,1937,the Japanese Army concocted the "Lugouqiao(Macro Polo Bridge)Incident" on the outskirts of Beijing,signaling the beginning of an all-out invasion of China.From Auguest 13 to November 12 of that year,the Japanese troops attacked and took over Shanghai.Soon after,the Japanese troops marched to Nanjing from three directions and besieged the city.At that time Nanjing was the captial of China.
On December 13,1937,Nanjing was under the occupation of the Japanese Army.With the approach of the Japanese troops,the captial Nanjing was threatened with a catastrophe.Citizens of Nanjing as well as foreign residents were leaving in a hurry.However,more than 20 Westerners decided to stay behind regardless of their embassies' advice to evacuate.Based on the experience of establishing a Refugee Zone by a French Catholic Father Rao after the fall of Shanghai,they decided to set up an international rescue organization called "The International Committee for Nanjing Safety Zone" in the hope that there would be a sheltering place for the people who did not manage to evacuate when the war broke out.The Zone was located in the northwest part of Nanjing,covering an area of 3.86 square kilometers.It had highways on four sides.Inside the zone were the embassies of the United States,Italy,Japan and the Netherlands as well as some Western church agencies.During that particular period,25 refugee camps were set up in that zone.At the maximum,they accommodated as many as 250,000 refugeeOn December 13, 1937,Nanjing was sacked.In the following six weeks,the Japanese Army committed extremely horrible crimes,murdering innocent people.In Nanjing more than 300,000 innocent citizens and unarmed soldiers were slaughtered.The ancient capital Nanjing suffered an unprecedented catastrophe and was turned into a living hell. At the time,westerners who stayed behind in Nanjing were all men and women of experience and learning from Britain,USA,Germany and other countries in Europe.They were in China as professors,pastors,medical doctors,journalists,diplomats and businessmen.Although of different nationalities and occupations,they shared the same ideals - to uphold justice,humanity and righteousness.They cherished peace and life.However,after the hall of Nanjing,they witenessed a hell on earth.
Nanjing Massacre was first publicized by western journalists.Reports on the Massacre printed in the major newspapers and magazines in the western countries shocked the world.After World War 2,those westerners staying in Nanjing during that period were also present at the Far East International Military Tribunal as the eyewitenesses of the Massacre. Historical lessons can never be forgotten.Nanjing Massacre is not only the misfortune of the Chinese people but also of the world.It was an unscrupulous trampling of human civilization.On August 12, 1985, the People's Government of Nanjing Municipality had the Memorial to the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre erected on the site of the Jiangdongmen,one of the places where the Japanese troops slaughtered the Chinese civilians in mass.Since then,numerous people from China as well as a great number of overseas friends have come to visit and express their grievances as well as teir wishes of opposing aggressive wars and safeguarding world peace.
Peace and development is the common theme of the human beings.People in Nanjing,having had much sufferings from wars,cherish even more peace and life,and they are dedicating themselves to the construction of a New Nanjing.

勿忘国耻，独立自强！
http://www.answers.com/topic/nanking-massacre
The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as "The Rape of Nanking," was an infamous war crime incident committed by the Japanese military in...

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勿忘国耻，独立自强！
http://www.answers.com/topic/nanking-massacre
The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as "The Rape of Nanking," was an infamous war crime incident committed by the Japanese military in and around the then capital of China - Nanjing, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on December 13, 1937. (At the time, Nanjing was known in English as Nanking). The duration of the massacre is not clearly defined, although the violence lasted well into the next six weeks, until early February 1938.
During the occupation of Nanjing, the Japanese army committed numerous atrocities, such as rape, looting, arson and the execution of prisoners of war and civilians. Although the executions began under the pretext of eliminating Chinese soldiers disguised as civilians, a large number of innocent men were intentionally identified as enemy combatants and executed—or simply killed outright—as the massacre gathered momentum. A large number of women and children were also killed, as rape and murder became more widespread.
The extent of the atrocities is debated between China and Japan, with numbers[1] ranging from some Japanese claims of several hundred,[2] to the Chinese claim of a non-combatant death toll of 300,000[3]. A number of Japanese researchers consider 100,000 – 200,000 to be an approximate value.[4] Other nations usually believe the death toll to be between 150,000 – 300,000.[5] This number was first promulgated in January of 1938 by Harold Timperly, a journalist in China during the Japanese invasion, based on reports from contemporary eyewitnesses. Many other sources, including Iris Chang's commercially-successful The Rape of Nanking, also promote 300,000 as the death toll.
The extent of the atrocities is debated, with numbers ranging from the claim of the Imperial Japanese Army at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East that the death toll was military in nature and that no such atrocities ever occurred, to Western eyewitnesses at the Tribunal who had personally witnessed atrocities of the Japanese soldiers, to the Chinese claim of a non-combatant death toll of 300,000. The West and other nations outside Japan have generally tended to adopt the 1938 estimates of 300,000, with many sources now quoting 300,000 dead. This is partly due to the evidence of extensive photographic records of the mutilated bodies of women and children, as well as the commercial success of Iris Chang's The Rape of Nanking, which has renewed interest in the massacre.
In addition to the number of victims, some Japanese critics have even disputed whether the atrocity ever happened. While the Japanese government has acknowledged such an incident did occur, extremists have presented a case starting with the Imperial Japanese Army's claims at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East that the death toll was military in nature and that no such civilian atrocities ever occurred. However, an overwhelming amount of evidence contradicts this. The existence of such an atrocity has been repeatedly confirmed by statements of Westerners at the Tribunal and eyewitnesses, and by photographic and archaeological evidence.
Condemnation of the massacre is a major focal point of Chinese nationalism. In Japan, however, public opinion over the severity of the massacre remains widely divided - this is evidenced by the fact that whereas some Japanese commentators refer to it as the 'Nanking massacre' (南京大虐杀, Nankin daigyakusatsu?), others use the more ambivalent 'Nanking incident' (南京事件, Nankin jiken?). The event continues to be a point of contention and controversy in Sino-Japanese relations.

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多少字啊

南京安全区国际委员会
南京宁海路
1937年12月18日
致福井喜代志先生
日本帝国大使馆二等秘书
南京
尊敬的福井先生：
非常遗憾，我们不得不再次打扰您。我们非常关心20万平民的疾苦和优患，为
此我们请求日本军事当局立即进行切实有力的干预，制止四处游荡的日军士兵在安
全区的暴行。
...

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南京安全区国际委员会
南京宁海路
1937年12月18日
致福井喜代志先生
日本帝国大使馆二等秘书
南京
尊敬的福井先生：
非常遗憾，我们不得不再次打扰您。我们非常关心20万平民的疾苦和优患，为
此我们请求日本军事当局立即进行切实有力的干预，制止四处游荡的日军士兵在安
全区的暴行。
各方纷纷送来日军暴行报告，目前我们没有时间也没有场地将这些暴行事件一
一记录在案。
昨天有1000名妇女因遭到奸污或家中遭到抢劫逃到金陵大学。昨天晚上贝茨博
士回到在金陵大学的寝室，准备在那里过夜，保护这些妇女，但是不论在他自己睡
觉的地方还是在大学图书馆，他都没有看见一个宪兵岗哨。
晚上8时，菲奇、斯迈思博士和米尔斯3位先生来到金陵女子文理学院，准备在
大门边的一问屋子里支床过夜(为了保护这里的3000名妇女和儿童，自12月14日以来，
我们中的一些人一直是这样过夜的。人们由于害怕，纷纷逃往这里，这里的人数昨
天增加到了4000人)，他们遭到了日军搜家小分队的粗暴扣留，被拘禁了1个多小时。
小分队的军官命令金陵女子文理学院的两位女负责人明妮·沃特林小姐和陈女士以
及她们的女友特维内姆夫人走出大门，在寒冷中日军士兵对她们推推揉揉。日本军
官坚持断言，校内有中国士兵，一定要把他们搜出来执行枪决。最终他还是放菲奇
等3人回家，但同时又不允许米尔斯留下，所以后来事情怎么发展我们就无从得知了。
综上所述，并结合12月16日司法部抓人事件(即使根据乐观报告，被抓的人中至
少也有数百名平民，见“特别备忘录”)，我们坚信，如果不立即采取必要的制止措
施，安全区全体平民的生命都将受到威胁，因为搜家小分队军官的情绪直接决定了
他们的生死。
成千上万的妇女因极度的恐惧纷纷来到我们的美国学校寻求保护，这样男人们
就越来越孤独。(如：截至12月15日，小桃园的原语言学校共安置有600人，12月15
日夜间发生了多起强奸事件后，400名妇女和儿童便逃到了金陵女子文理学院，结果
那个地方只留下了200名男子。)这些公共校舍原来计划安置3.5万人，但是由于妇女
们的恐惧，人数增加到了5万。这还不包括从司法部和最高法院这两个地方撤出来的
所有男人。
如果目前的恐怖局面持续下去，不仅我们所能提供的住房会成问题，就连供应
粮食和招募工人也将变得越发艰难起来。今天早上贵方代表菊池先生来到我们办公
室，了解发电厂工人的情况。我们不得不告诉他，就连我们自己的工人都不敢出去
干活。我们委员会的欧洲成员不得不自己当卡车司机，为各个收容所运送粮食和燃
煤。粮食委员会委员在过去的两天中不敢走出自己的家门。日军士兵昨天晚上在住
房委员会的一位先生家里(汉口路23号)强奸了他家的两位妇女，日军士兵竟然强迫
他在旁边站着。粮食委员会副主任(外国人)索恩先生(神学教授)保护着收容在金陵
神学院的2500名中国人，但他又不得不自己开卡车去运粮食。只要他出去，中国人
就无人保护。结果在昨天，而且是在大白天，在大庭广众之下，日军士兵在神学院
一个挤满难民(妇女、儿童和男人)的大厅里强奸了多名妇女。我们外国人不可能既
要养活20万中国平民，又要白天黑夜地为他们提供保护。这是日本当局的任务。如
果贵方能为他们提供必要的保护，我们是能够在粮食方面提供支持的！
日军军官在安全区执行搜查任务时，一直有一个基本的想法在左右着他们的情
绪，就是他们认为安全区里到处都是穿着便服的中国士兵。我们向贵方说明过，安
全区里是有过中国士兵，他们在12月13日下午放下武器，然后进入安全区寻求保护。
但是今天我们可以向贵方保证，安全区内已经没有解除武装的中国士兵了，贵方的
搜家小分队已经将他们全部清理了出去，遗憾的是同时遭到清理的还有许多中国平
民。
考虑到各方的有关利益，我们向贵方提出以下经过深思熟虑的建议：
一、约束士兵
1.我们重申昨天的请求，派出宪兵部队，昼夜在安全区巡逻。
2.在12月16日的信函中，我们请求贵方在安全区的各通道口设置岗哨，阻止四
处游荡的日本士兵进入安全区，岗哨至今未设。不过我们仍然希望，日军能想方设
法，阻止士兵抢劫、强奸和屠杀中国平民。建议命令士兵夜间不得出营。
3.我们请求贵方，在贵军恢复安宁和秩序之前，在18个较大的收容所的入口处
设置岗哨。必须严格命令岗哨，全面履行职责，禁止士兵爬墙进入收容所(随函附上
收容所清单)。
4.此外我们再次请求，在各收容所张贴日语布告，便于日军士兵了解收容所的
性质，禁止进入收容所骚扰可怜的难民。
二、搜家
1.日本搜家小分队的军官们显然并不了解收容所的性质和作用，因此建议贵军
派一名高级军官在收容所所长的陪同下，逐一参观全部18个收容所，在白天视察了
解收容所的内部情况。
2.我们十分清楚，目前在安全区已经没有解除武装的中国士兵，也不存在任何
狙击手。但是日军现在仍然不断地搜查收容所和私人住宅，而且这种搜查一直伴有
抢劫和强奸。所以我们认为，日军原来打算阻止中国士兵躲藏在安全区的计划，可
以根据我们的请求，由宪兵巡逻队来执行。
3.我们之所以冒昧地提出以上意见，是因为我们坚信，只要平民百姓过上两三
天太平的日子，他们就能在安全区内开始正常的生活，食品和取暖物资可以得到运
输，商家店铺可以重新开张营业，工人们也敢出去找活，他们可以帮助恢复对民生
至关重要的企业，如发电厂、自来水厂和电话局等。
三、被抓走的我方警察
我们昨天向贵方指出，贵军从司法部抓走了50名着装的警察和45名“志愿警察”。
在此我们还要指出，我方又有40名派驻在最高法院建筑物内的着装警察被抓走。一
名日军军官对他们提出的指控是，说他们在搜查之后又将中国士兵放进了司法部建
筑物，因此必须枪毙他们。
所附的“司法部事件备忘录”说明得很清楚，对那些被日军士兵驱赶离家的中
国平民(男女皆有)，由委员会的外国委员负责将其中的一部分安置在司法部的建筑
物里。
此外我们昨天还请求，将原中国政府分配给我们安全区的450名着装警察交给即
将组建的由日本领导的警察部队。同时我们还希望，前面提到的90名着装警察也能
编入这支警察部队。关于那45名“志愿警察”，希望能将他们送回我们总部，或者
通告我方，已将他们安置在何处工作。对这450名分配给我们安全区的着装警察，我
们列有一个花名册。如需要，该名册可提供给贵方。
我们希望，贵方能友好地采纳我们的建议。同时我们向贵方保证，为了南京平
民百姓的利益，我们随时愿意和贵方进行合作。
谨致崇高的敬意
签名：约翰 H.D.拉贝
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