英语翻译从纵向看,刑事被害人的地位并非一成不变,而是经历了大体上四个阶段.首先,是作为刑罚执行者的被害人.在原始社会,没有国家,没有阶级,也没有刑事诉讼,“大家都是平等、自由的,包

英语翻译从纵向看,刑事被害人的地位并非一成不变,而是经历了大体上四个阶段.首先,是作为刑罚执行者的被害人.在原始社会,没有国家,没有阶级,也没有刑事诉讼,“大家都是平等、自由的,包
英语翻译
从纵向看,刑事被害人的地位并非一成不变,而是经历了大体上四个阶段.首先,是作为刑罚执行者的被害人.在原始社会,没有国家,没有阶级,也没有刑事诉讼,“大家都是平等、自由的,包括妇女在内”.在这种纯朴自然的社会中发生的杀害和伤害事件后,便求助于血的复仇（包括血亲复仇和血族复仇）方式解决.后来,又出现了同态复仇和赎罪,取代了血的复仇.这些惩罚加害人的方式,都是由被害人及其近亲属或是其所属氏族实施.所以,在这一时期,被害人实际上一直出于惩罚执行者的地位.
第二阶段,是作为刑罚追究者的被害人.随着社会的发展,国家出现了并日渐完善,国家审判逐渐产生,刑罚权成了国家司法权的重要组成部分,必须由国家来实施,以维护统治者的地位和权力,于是被害人失去了刑罚执行者的地位.但是,被害者仍然享有较大的权利,处于犯罪起诉者的地位.相对应的,刑事诉讼也采取了“弹劾式”的诉讼构造,实行不告不理.然而,随着阶级分化和阶级斗争的加剧,是否将犯罪人起诉到国家审判机关进行司法制裁完全取决于被害人个人意志的诉讼程序已经不适应统治阶级的需要.为了维护统治利益,有效的镇压反抗,中世纪欧洲对这一诉讼构造进行了改革.大陆国家实行了纠问式诉讼,英国实行了大陪审团控诉制.于是,对犯罪、尤其是侵害国家利益的犯罪是否起诉,已经不完全取决于被害人的意志,国家开始主动追究犯罪.但是,这并非完全排除了被害人作为犯罪起诉者的诉讼地位,大多数侵犯公民人身和权益的犯罪依然由被害人起诉.在现代意义的刑事诉讼制度建立之前,犯罪行为被认为是对被害人个人的侵害.现代刑罚理论建立之后,犯罪被解释为对代表统治阶级和广大人民利益的国家的侵害,是对社会秩序的威胁,国家的利益是最重要的,被害人遭受的痛苦成了第二位.在建立了专门的公诉机构和刑侦机构后,对罪犯的起诉和惩罚成了国家的权力,被害人只是对少数轻微的案件有自诉权.而且在刑事诉讼中,被害人从一个诉讼的直接当事人沦为一个客体,一个对付犯罪的工具,被害人的陈述仅仅被视为在国家对犯罪人的诉讼中所用的诸多证据中的一种.过去,罪犯要付给被害人数倍于他们所受损失的赔偿.现在,赔偿在刑事诉讼中居于次要地位,在很多情况下被害人连其所受到的直接损失都难以索回.在这一阶段,保护社会和国家的利益远远高于被害人要求惩罚罪犯和请求赔偿的利益,在最好的情形下,被害人在犯罪问题中是被遗忘的角色.在最糟的情况下,他们还会再次受害.尽管建立刑事司法的初衷是为了保护被害人的利益,但是却常常使人感到整个刑事司法过程中总是偏向于被告人.

英语翻译从纵向看,刑事被害人的地位并非一成不变,而是经历了大体上四个阶段.首先,是作为刑罚执行者的被害人.在原始社会,没有国家,没有阶级,也没有刑事诉讼,“大家都是平等、自由的,包
From the vertical position of criminal victims,remolded,but generally experienced four stages.First,as the executor punishment victim.In primitive society,no country,no class,no criminal lawsuit,"everyone is equal,free,including the women,".In this simple nature of the society after killing and damage,turn to the blood vengeance (including blood vengeance and those revenge.) Then again,and sin,revenge homomorphisms of blood vengeance instead.The punishment is the aggressor by the victim or his near relatives or their clan.Therefore,during this period,the victim has actually been punished executives from the position.
In the second stage,the criminal punishment is a victim.With the development of society,the country has appeared increasingly perfect,and the national judicial gradually,the penalty power became an important part of national judicial implementation by the state,and must come,in order to maintain the status and the rulers,and the victim power lost the executor.Punishment But,still have the right to greater victim in the criminal prosecution.Corresponding,criminal litigation also adopted "impeachment type" litigation structure,don't tell.However,with the class differentiation and the class struggle,whether criminal prosecution to national judicial organs for judicial sanctions depends entirely on the victim will procedure can't adapt to the need of ruling class.In order to safeguard the interests of the crackdown,effective rule,in this lawsuit in medieval Europe structural reform.The country executes continental type of litigation,the British rectification asked a grand jury system of charges.Hence,to crime and especially the enroach on the interests of the state,has not whether criminal prosecution,the victim will depend entirely on the state shall be investigated for criminal initiative began.However,this is not completely ruled out the victim as a criminal prosecution action position,most of the infringement of citizens' personal and the rights and interests of the victim remains by prosecution.In modern criminal procedure system establishment,crime is believed to be the victims of the individual.After the establishment of modern theory of punishment for crime is explained and the masses of ruling class represents the interests of the state,the threat of social order,and the national interests is the most important,the victim suffers pain became the second.The establishment of public prosecution tried agencies and institutions,to prosecute and punish the criminals became the victim of a few power,only mild cases have since the litigation.But in criminal lawsuit,the victim of a suit directly from the object into a crime,a deal with the tool,the victim's statement in the country to be seen as merely the criminal litigation evidence used in one of the many.In the past,criminal murdered number times to pay their loss compensation.Now,the compensation in criminal lawsuit in secondary position,in many cases even its victim by the direct losses are hard to claim.At this stage,the protection of the social and national interests far above the victim to punish criminals and claim for compensation,in the best interests of the victim in criminal cases,the problem is forgotten.In the worst case,they will still again.Although criminal judicature is established to protect the interests of the victim,but often makes people feel whole criminal judicial process is always in the defendant.