语法总结备战很匆忙 我做下参考 全面点哦 举个例子：look——look for 寻找 look up等等

语法总结备战很匆忙 我做下参考 全面点哦 举个例子：look——look for 寻找 look up等等
语法总结
备战很匆忙 我做下参考 全面点哦
举个例子：look——look for 寻找 look up等等

语法总结备战很匆忙 我做下参考 全面点哦 举个例子：look——look for 寻找 look up等等
do: let/have/make/help sb. do sth.
to do: tell/ask/want/ sb. do sth.
doing: start/begin/keep/feel like doing sth.
现在完成时的用法
have(has)+过去分词
1.现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生活或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
3. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet
4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
5. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
6. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.
Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句)
7. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.

现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系.
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了.(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了.)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...,today等)连用.
例如： Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去.
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿.(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去.)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了.(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去.)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now,so far)等.
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息.
注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词.如：come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等.
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型：
①主语＋have / has been＋for短语
②It is＋一段时间＋ since从句
例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了
宾语从句,即：在主句中担当宾语的从句.学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态.
连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which（指事）,who（指人）
1．从句为陈述句,常选择连接词that或将that省略,直接与主句相连.
2．从句为一般疑问句,常选择连接词if或whether.在whether…ornot结构中不能用if替换.
3．从句为特殊疑问句,常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词.
注意：当who为主语时,句式为：who+谓语+其他三：判断时态情况：
1.主句是一般现在时,从句为各种时态情况
2.主句是一般过去时,从句为各种相应过去时态注意：从句描绘客观事实,用一般现在时.
宾语从句与中考试题
学习宾语从句并不难,只要你能过好下面的三道关：
第一关,选好连接词（也有人叫关联词）.
引导宾语从句的连接词,课本上写有三类,但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用.
1．连词that：只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略.例如： 1）He knew（that）he should work hard．
2）I am glad（that）you've passed the exam．
2．连词whether或if：它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,口语中多用if.例如： 3）Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning?
4）Tom didn't know if／whether his grandpa liked the present．
作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大,同学们不易掌握.在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制.例如：
5）He asked me whether or not I was coming．他问我是否要来.（该句中的whether不能换成if,因为if不能与or连用.）
3．连接代词who,whom ,whose,what, which：它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有其自己的意义.例如：
6）The teacher asked the new student which class he was in?（武汉市）（which引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语,修饰class,意为“哪个”.）
7）Can you tell me whom he is waiting for?（天津市）
4．连接副词when,where, why,how：起连接作用,分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语,各有其自己的意义.例如：
8）I wonder where he got so much money．对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑.（where在从句中作地点状语,修饰got,意为“哪里；什么地方”.）
9）He didn't tell me how old his friend was．（四川省）（how引导宾语从句,作程度状语,修饰old,意为“怎样；如何”等意.）
第二关,牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即“连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他”.这里特别强调的是,它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序,不是疑问句的倒装语序.例如： 10）You must remember what your teacher said．
11）—Dad,do you know when the football game will start?
—In half an hour．（宁波市）
12）汉译英：你能不能告诉我,我们去看望谁?
误：Can you tell me who（m）do we have to see?
正：Can you tell me who（m）we have to see?
错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do.因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句,如W hat time does the plane arrive in Paris?就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris?”这种错误句子来.但是一旦我们注意了,我们不久就习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris?”了.
第三关,注意时态的呼应. 宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句谓语时态的制约,这种现象称为“时态的呼应”.例如：
13）汉译英：我原以为你今天有空的. 误：I thought（that）you are free today．
正：I thought（that）you would be free today．
错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有 today,但因为主句谓语是thought,所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would be了.
这种时态的呼应,如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制,如上述例句2）,3）,7）,8）,10）,11）,12）.如果主句时态是过去时,宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时（即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等）.例如： 14）He thought he was working for the people．
15）I heard she had been to the Great W all．
16）John hoped that he would find a job soon．
但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等,则不变化：
17）The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun．
巩固与检测请做下列2002年中考题：
1．In the bookshop,a reader asked the shop keeper _____Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book．（北京市东城区）
A．that B．how C．what D．if
2．—I don't know _____ Mr．Green will come to see us．
—He will help us with our English．（杭州市）
A．why B．when C．how D．where
3．—We never know _____ the old m an is． —They say he is a teacher. A．what B．who C．which D．where
4．I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers． A．that how B．how that C．when that D．that when
5．—Do you know _____ ?I'm going to see him． —Sorry,I don't know．（北京市海淀区） A．where does Mr．Li live B．where did Mr．Li live
C．where Mr．Li lives D．where Mr．Li lived
6．—W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer?
—Sorry,I have no idea．（南京市）
A．／；bought B．has；bought C．did；buy D．does；buy
7．I don't feel very well．Mum asked me _____this morning．（重庆市）
A. what the matter is B．what is wrong
C．what the matter was D．what wrong was
8．—Where is Jack?
—He is away to spend his holiday．He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan,but I'm not sure _____ ．（南昌市）
A．that B．which C．where D．there
Key: 宾语从句与中考试题 1—4 D A A D 5—8 C A C C

初中阶段的英语语法（1）
一、 一般现在时
1、 标志性词语：every day ，sometimes , once ,twice ,……a week ,等
2、 第一人称、第二人称 + 动词原型（V原）。否定句：don’t……
第三人称 + 动词的三单形势（动词后+ s / es ）。否定句：doesn’t + 动词原型（V原）。
3、问句：Do /...

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初中阶段的英语语法（1）
一、 一般现在时
1、 标志性词语：every day ，sometimes , once ,twice ,……a week ,等
2、 第一人称、第二人称 + 动词原型（V原）。否定句：don’t……
第三人称 + 动词的三单形势（动词后+ s / es ）。否定句：doesn’t + 动词原型（V原）。
3、问句：Do / Does …… ？
二、 现在进行时
1、 标志性词语：now , at the / this moment , listen ,look ……
2、 句式：be (am / is / are) + doing sth.
3、 问句：Am / Is / Are …… ？
三、 现在完成时
1、 问句：have / has + done (现在分词)
2、 例句：I have been read (这里是过去分词) this book . (我读过这本书。)
He / She has eaten （这里是过去分词）the dinner .

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