我想要八年级下册新目标英语语法复习1-10单元的

我想要八年级下册新目标英语语法复习1-10单元的
我想要八年级下册新目标英语语法复习1-10单元的

我想要八年级下册新目标英语语法复习1-10单元的
By是个很常用的介词（有时也用作副词）,在初中英语中的用法有以下几种： 1.意为“在……旁”、“靠近”.如： Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞,有的在湖边画画儿. 2.意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”.如： Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的. How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲? 3.表示方法、手段,可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等.如： The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑. The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息. 4.表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思.如： One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子.5.表示“根据”、“按照”的意思.如：What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了? 6.和take , hold等动词连用,说明接触身体的某一部分.如： I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手. 7.用于被动句中,表示行为主体,常译作“被”、“由”等.如： English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说.（即“许多人讲英语.”） 8.组成其它短语. 1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”,常做插入语.如： By the way , where’s Li Ping , do you know?
顺便问一下,李平在哪儿.你知道吗? 2) by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”.如： I can’t leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下. 3) by and by : 意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”.如： But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以后,越来越多的人开始学英语了.
二、动名词的构成动词后加动名词doing,相当于名词,在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语定语等.1）★作主语（这种用法常考）
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了.2）作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗?3）作表语Babysister’s job is washing,cooking and taking care of the children.保姆的工作是洗衣服,作饭和照看孩子.
Unit2
used to 的用法：（1）肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化,to后面接动词原形.
否定句是didn’t use to….
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果.
疑问形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿?
（2）含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语,而用didn’t ＋ 主语.He used to smoke, didn’t he? 他过去常常吸烟,是吗?Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t. 是的,他吸./ 不,他不吸.
（3）used to 表示过去的习惯动作, 而不是现在的.I am used to the weather here. 我已经习惯于这里的天气了.He is used to hard work. 他习惯于艰苦的工作.
（4）used to 可以和be, have 以及其他状态动词连用,描写过去的状态. I used to be a waiter, but now I’m a taxi-driver.我过去是一个服务员,但现在我是出租车司机.
★ 本单元的许多运用used to 的句子属于描述过去的状态.Mario used to be short. 马力奥过去总是很矮.Amy used to be outgoing. 爱米过去性格外向.Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜过去有一头直的长头发.He used to wear black shoes. 他过去常穿黑鞋.
Unit3
本单元重点讲到了被动语态的用法 英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成.助动词be有时态,人称和数的变化,其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样.
 一、被动语态的句式变化： 以一般现在时和动词invite为例,列表说明被动语态的句式变化：
二、各种时态的被动语态结构总结如下： 被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的,be是什么时态,全句就是什么时态,be动词后面的过去分词不变. 一般现在时的被动语态为：主＋am / is / are （not）＋过去分词 一般过去时的被动语态为：主＋was / were ＋过去分词
例如： 我们学过的was / were born 生于,就是一个被动语态. born是个过去分词（bear） －When were you born ? －I was born in 1989. 现在进行时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋is / am / are + being ＋过去分词
现在完成时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋have / has ＋been ＋过去分词
情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词＋be＋过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态: 主语＋will ＋be ＋过去分词
过去将来时的被动语态: 主语＋would / should + be ＋过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态: 主语＋was / were + being ＋过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态: 主语＋had + been +过去分词
三、被动语态的用法：（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁,不用by＋动作执行者短语 Football is played widely all over the world. 全世界都广泛地踢足球.
（2）强调动作的承受者,这时应用by短语.The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午这家银行遭到抢劫.
（3）作客观说明时,常采用一种被动语态句型It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.
据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感.
四、主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是： （1）把原句中的宾语变为主语 （2）动词改为被动形式,即be+过去分词 （3）原来的主语,如果需要的话,放在by后面,如果没必要,可省略. 请看下表:
主动语态 被动语态
They make trains in Zhuzhou． They use this key for locking the classroom door．Many people speak English．He wrote a letter．They are building a road． Trains are made in Zhuzhou．This key is used for locking the classroom door(by them)．English is spoken by many people．A letter was written by him．A road is being built (by them)．
Unit4
虚拟语气：如果我们所说的不是事实,也不是要求、命令、劝告等,而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气
注意：条件句分两种,真实条件句和虚拟条件句.只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中,才用虚拟语气,而在真实条件句中,要用陈述语气.
请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天气好,我们将会去公园.在这句话中,明天天气好是完全有可能实现的,并非虚拟、幻想,因此是真实条件句.在本句中,适用“主将从现.”
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
（如果我是你的话,我立刻就走.）在这句话中,条件句,“如果我是你”,但事实上,我不可能成为你,这只是假设的情况,没有实现的可能.当条件实现的可能性很小,甚至可以说没有时,就需要用虚拟语气来表示,动词发生了变化.
也就是说虚拟语气表示和现实的事实相反时,从句用一般过时.
主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形.
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知识点2. He doesn’t know if he should bring a present.
此处if表示“是否”,引导宾语从句.Should此处表示“应该”.不是虚拟语气.
E.g.1. I don’t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知识点3.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引导的条件状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时,be动词只能用were,而不能用was.
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知识点4. I don’t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… “如果……怎么办?”相当于 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知识点5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻烦事 ,名词
常用搭配 ：get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what’s the trouble

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