英语语法带 to do 、 doing 的语法、 急 求答
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英语语法带 to do 、 doing 的语法、 急 求答
英语语法带 to do 、 doing 的语法、 急 求答
英语语法带 to do 、 doing 的语法、 急 求答
动词不定式用法小结
英语动词的非谓语形式为三种:动词不定式、动名词和分词.非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化.
动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,其结构为“to+动词原形”,其中to不是介词,而是动词不定式的符号,称为小品词,动词不定式没有人称和数的变化.动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语,在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等.
一. 作主语 例如:
To be a doctor is hard. 做医生很难.
To learn English well is not easy. 学好英语不容易.
To say is to believe.眼见为实.
动词不定式(短语)作主语时,为了避免句子的头重脚轻,可以用“it”作形式主语,而把真正的主语--动词不定式(短语)放在句子的后部.例如上面的句子可以表示为:
It is hard to be a doctor.
It is not easy to learn English well. 再如:
It’s important to plant trees in spring.
如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的,可以在动词不定式前面加一个由介词for引导的短语,称为不定式的复合结构.例:
It’s good for us to read English aloud in the morning.
对我们来说每天早晨大声读英语是很有益的.
It is important for students to use English every day.
对学生来说每天使用英语是很重要的.
二. 作表语:(在形式上,位于系动词后的就是表语.从含义上讲,表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分.)
动词不定式(短语)作表语常用于系词be的后面.例:
His work is to drive a car. 他的工作是开车.
My job is to feed animals. 我的工作是饲养动物.
Her ambition is to be a doctor. 她的理想是当医生.
三. 作宾语
动词不定式(短语)可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语,能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有:begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask等.例:
I want to tell you a story. 我想给你讲个故事.
They begin to work at eight every morning. 他们每天早晨8点开始工作.
Don’t forget to lock the door.别忘了锁门.
Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow?明天和我们一起去野餐好吗?
*如果and连接两个动词不定式,第二个动词不定式一般省“to”例:
(1)He wants to go and have a swim with us. 他想和我们一起去游泳.
(2)若作宾语的动词不定式(短语)很长,可用it作形式宾语.
I find it interesting to learn English with you. 我觉得和你一起学英语很有趣.
He found it hard to catch up with others.他觉得赶上别人很困难.
四. 作宾语补足语.例如:
The teacher asked us to read English for half an hour in the morning.
老师让我们早晨读半小时英语.
The teacher often tells Jim not to spend too much time playing computer games.
老师常告诉Jim不要花太多时间玩电脑游戏.
Please let me help you.让我来帮助你.
动词不定式作宾语补足语,表示宾语所做的动作,可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:tell, ask, want, like, invite, encourage, help等.但在let, make, see, watch, hear, feel, notice, have等感官听觉动词或使役动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式一般要省略动词不定式符号“to”,可以归纳为以下三种句式:
1.不可以省to的不定式作宾语补足语:
tell /ask / want / would like / wish / like / invite /encourage /teach sb. to do sth.
例:The teacher told us to come earlier tomorrow.
I want you to go now. 我想让你现在就走.
Her parents wish her to be a teacher.她父母亲希望她当老师.
2.省“to”的不定式作宾语补足语:
Let / make / have sb. do sth.
Let the boy go out now. 让那个男孩出去.
The boy made the baby cry. 男孩弄哭了这个小孩.
see / watch / hear / notice / feel sb. do sth.
I saw the students play basketball on the playground yesterday.
昨天我看见学生们在操场打篮球.
I often hear the girl sing in the next room. 我经常听到女孩在隔壁唱歌.
3.可省可不省的:
help sb. (to)do sth.
I often help my mother (to)do housework.
我经常帮妈妈做家务.
*动词不定式的否定式是直接在to之前加not. 例:
(1)Tell them not to play football in the street.告诉他们不要在街道上踢足球.
(2)省to的动词不定式的否定式是直接在动词前面加not. 例:
Let the boy not go. 让那个男孩别走.
(3)如果将主动语态变为被动语态时,作宾语补足语的动词不定式变为主语补足语,动词不定式则不省“to”,即原来省的再加上,例:
The boy made the baby cry.
The baby was made to cry by the boy.那个孩子被男孩弄哭了.
五. 动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语常用来修饰名词或不定代词,放于所修饰的词后,为后置定语.例:
Who was the first one to arrive? 谁第一个到的?
She has no paper to write on? 她没有纸写字?
The best way to learn English is to use it. 学英语最好的方法是使用它.
When is the best time to plant vegetables?什么时候是种植蔬菜的最好时间?
Do you have something to drink? 你这有喝的吗?
*动词不定式(短语)作定语修饰名词时,与其所修饰的词具有一种动宾关系,如果不定式中的动词为不及物动词时,其后应加上一个含义上所需要的介词.例:
I have no chair to sit on.我没有椅子坐.
He has no house to live in.他没有房子住.
六. 动词不定式作目的状语:
动词不定式作目的状语常用在go, come, hurry等不及物动词后,表目的.
He went to see his sister yesterday.他昨天去看妹妹了.
They got up early to catch the early bus.他们早起去赶早班车.
有时可以把不定式(短语)提前,放于句首,表示强调目的.例:
To early English quickly and well, he went to England.
为了更快更好地学英语,他去了英国.
不定式做状语,可表示动作的目的、结果、原因、条件和方式.
A. 表目的
表目的时,不定式可放在句子的前面也可放在句子的末尾.但在句子前面时,不定式常与句子用逗号隔开;而在句子末尾时一般不用逗号隔开.如:
To get there on time, we set out at five in the morning. 为了按时到达那儿,我们早晨五点就出发了.
He goes there to enjoy the fresh air. 他去那儿享受那儿的新鲜空气.
比较:to do, in order to do, so as to do都可表示目的,但to do, in order to do的位置既可在句首,又可在句末;而so as to do只能在句末
---In order to build a house, he bought some wood and steel yesterday.
—He bought some wood and steel yesterday in order to build a house.
---He bought some wood and steel yesterday so as to build a house. 为了建房,昨天他买来了木料和钢材.
B. 表结果
不定式在下列结构中表示谓语动作的结果,不定式的位置一般在句子末尾.
(1) 表示终结性的动词find, see, hear, learn, discover的不定式,常表示出乎意料的结果,并且,不定式前常有never, only等副词修饰.如:
I hurried to the railway station yesterday, (only) to find that the train had left. 昨天我急忙忙赶到火车站时,发现火车已经开走了.
I went to the classroom, to discover it empty. 我走到教室,结果发现教室是空的.
(2) 在 “so + adj. / adv. + as + to do”中.如:
The scenery is so beautiful as to attract many people here every year. 景色非常美,每年都要吸引很多人来这里.
(3) 在 “adj. / adv. + enough + to do”中.如:
He ran fast enough to catch up with Li Lei. 他跑得很快,结果赶上了李蕾.
(4) 在 “so + adj. / adv. +a(n) + n. + as + to do”中.如:
This is so interesting a story as to interest children. 这是个很有趣的故事,使孩子们非常感兴趣.
(5) 在 “such + adj. / adv. + n. + as + to do”中.如:
She is such a good girl to help you make great progress. 她是个非常好的姑娘,帮助你取得了很大的进步.
(6) 在 “too + adj. / adv. + to do”中.如:
They went too slowly to catch the early bus. 他们走得太慢了,结果没能赶上早班车.
C. 表原因
不定式表示原因时,一般放在句子的末尾,说明主语某种心情、情感(glad, pleased, sad, worried, sorrow, excited) 所产生的原因.如:
I’m very glad to hear that Li Lei has been elected secretary of the Party. 听说李蕾被选为了党的书记,我很高兴.
D. 表条件
不定式表示条件时,一般放在句首.如:
To be heated, liquid will change into gas. 如果受热,液体就会变成气体.
E. 表方式
不定式可接在as if / as though之后表示方式时,如:
He moved his mouth as if to say something. 他的嘴唇动了动,好像要说什么事似的.
七. 不定式和疑问词连用,可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语等.例:
The problem is where to get a computer. (表语)
No one knows how to do it. 没有人知道如何做这件事.(宾)
I really don’t know which one to choose. (宾)我真的不知道选哪一个.
When and where to have the party is not known. (主语)
何时何地举行联欢还不知道.
*不定式和疑问词连用作宾语时有时可以改为宾语从句.例:
I don’t know what to do next. 我不知下一步该做什么?
I don’t know what I should do next.
对不起没有doing的
这个需要背诵的。语法这些方面有些是可以靠规律的,有些是要记忆的。
动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
否定式:not + (to) do
以do为例,动词不定式的构成如下:
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.
例如:
I'm nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。
He seems to know a...
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动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
否定式:not + (to) do
以do为例,动词不定式的构成如下:
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.
例如:
I'm nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。
He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。
We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观。
He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家。
The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术。
The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作。
(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。
He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。
I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。
He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。
不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。
常用句式有:1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
(2)作表语:
Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。
He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
(3)作宾语:
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无选择。
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。
(4)作宾语补足语:
在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema. 他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院。
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road. 我看见他横过公路。
He was seen to cross the road. 他被我看见横过公路。
(5)作定语:
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
①动宾关系:
I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。
注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:
He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。
The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。
What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:
He has no place to live. 他无处安身。
This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:
Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗?
Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗?
②说明所修饰名词的内容:
We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。
(6)作状语:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。
注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数。
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语,他需要一本词典。
②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外): 常放在never only后
He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了,只见火车已经走了。
I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他,只见他出去了。
③表原因:常放在形容词后面
They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了,我们什么也看不见。
The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。
(7)作目的状语:既可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. 说实话,我不喜欢他讲话的方式。
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. 如果你不想做这件事,你就不必做。
(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。
动名词
动名词:
动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
一般式
(谓语动词同时发生)doingbeing done
完成式
(谓语动词发生之前)having donehaving been done
动名词的形式: Ving
否定式:not + 动名词
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
(2)被动式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
(4)完成被动式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
(5)否定式:not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
动名词的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
(2)作表语:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。
(3)作宾语:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定语:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?
(5)作同位语:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
现在分词
现在分词:
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
现在分词的形式:
否定式:not + 现在分词
(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。
(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
现在分词的句法功能:
(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语
放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that
followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)现在分词作表语:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的
动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
(3)作宾语补足语:
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
(4)现在分词作状语:
①作时间状语:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语,表示伴随:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
④作条件状语:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语:
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.
我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看,他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。
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to do 是一次性的行动,就好像i like to swimming ,而doing 是习惯性的,就好像i like swimming有没有 太to do 、 doing 的语法、一般来说就是这个区别啊,我知道区别、 我想要 这个的语法不明白你想要什么样的区别,这个已经是语法的啦就像 like doing \ to do sth 这样的你是想问还有什么单词是这种用法吧...
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to do 是一次性的行动,就好像i like to swimming ,而doing 是习惯性的,就好像i like swimming
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to do/doing前者一般带有定向性,表示将要做的某事。而后者则表示已经做过。
例如:stop to do停止正在做的某事,去做另外一件。 stop ding表示停止正在做得事情。同样forget/remember…都是有一定规律的,要细心积累。但是对于like来说V-ing表示经常性,V-不定式只表示偶尔…...
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to do/doing前者一般带有定向性,表示将要做的某事。而后者则表示已经做过。
例如:stop to do停止正在做的某事,去做另外一件。 stop ding表示停止正在做得事情。同样forget/remember…都是有一定规律的,要细心积累。但是对于like来说V-ing表示经常性,V-不定式只表示偶尔…
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= = 刚刚没仔细看还以为是非谓。吓死我了。七年级哪来学这东西。。。。
to do 一般表示某一次的行为举动。
I don't want to go with you this afternoon because I am tired.
doing 一般表示经常性的行为举动。
I don't like eating meat.
I dislike ( or hate) swimming.
went to ...
go to ...
我英语不怎么好就几个