人们对贝多芬的评价英文的

人们对贝多芬的评价英文的
人们对贝多芬的评价英文的

人们对贝多芬的评价英文的
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827),the second-oldest child of the court musician and tenor singer Johann van Beethoven,was born in Bonn.Ludwig's father drilled him thoroughly with the ambition of showcasing him as a child prodigy.Ludwig gave his first public performance as a pianist when he was eight years old.At the age of eleven he received the necessary systematic training in piano performance and composition from Christian Gottlob Neefe,organist and court musician in Bonn.Employed as a musician in Bonn court orchestra since 1787,Beethoven was granted a paid leave of absence in the early part of 1787 to study in Vienna under Mozart.he was soon compelled to return to Bonn,however,and after his mother's death had to look after the family.
In 1792 he chose Vienna as his new residence and took lessons from Haydn,Albrechtsberger,Schenck and Salieri.By 1795 he had earned a name for himself as a pianist of great fantasy and verve,admired in particular for his brilliant improvisations.Before long he was traveling in the circles of the nobility.They offered Beethoven their patronage,and the composer dedicated his works to them in return.By 1809 his patrons provided him with an annuity which enabled him to live as a freelance composer without financial worries.Beethoven was acutely interested in the development of the piano.He kept close contact with the leading piano building firms in Vienna and London and thus helped pave the way for the modern concert grand piano.
Around the year 1798 Beethoven noticed that he was suffering from a hearing disorder.He withdrew into increasing seclusion for the public and from his few friends and was eventually left completely deaf.By 1820 he was able to communicate with visitors and trusted friends only in writing,availing himself of "conversation notebooks".
The final years in the life of the restless bachelor (he changed living quarters no fewer than fifty-two times) were darkened by severe illness and by the struggle over the guardianship of his nephew Karl,upon whom he poured his solicitude,jealousy,expectations and threats in an effort to shape the boy according to his wishes.When the most famous composer of the age died,about thirty thousand mourners and curious onlookers were present at the funeral procession on March 26,1827.
这是他的生平,可以简单修改一下,可以评价了.

路德维希·范·贝多芬（Ludwig van Beethoven，1770年12月17日生於德国波恩，1827年3月26日在奥地利维也纳去世），是一位集古典主义大成，开浪漫主义先河的欧洲古典音乐作曲家。贝多芬被后人尊称为乐圣。
生平
1770年 出身於德国城市波恩一个平民家庭，祖父原籍荷兰，后移居德国，曾任当地宫廷乐长。他的父亲是个男高音歌手，酗酒成性，母亲是宫廷御厨的女儿。贝多...

全部展开

路德维希·范·贝多芬（Ludwig van Beethoven，1770年12月17日生於德国波恩，1827年3月26日在奥地利维也纳去世），是一位集古典主义大成，开浪漫主义先河的欧洲古典音乐作曲家。贝多芬被后人尊称为乐圣。
生平
1770年 出身於德国城市波恩一个平民家庭，祖父原籍荷兰，后移居德国，曾任当地宫廷乐长。他的父亲是个男高音歌手，酗酒成性，母亲是宫廷御厨的女儿。贝多芬自小就显露了音乐上的才能。他名字中的「凡」（van）并非德语中的「von」，并不代表任何贵族封号，而是显示了其家乡。「路德维希」也正是他的祖父的名字。
1774年 他的父亲为了使贝多芬成为像莫扎特一样的音乐神童，强迫年少的贝多芬学习音乐和长时间的练习钢琴。
1778年 八岁的时候就开始登台演出。
1781年 跟随乐队指挥奈弗学习巴赫的《平均律钢琴曲》和作曲。
1783年 任宫廷乐队羽管键钢琴演奏家
1787年 在维也纳与莫扎特会面。
1788年 在一支歌剧院乐队里作中提琴手
1789年 在波恩大学学习
1792年 在海顿的鼓励与支持下到奥地利首都维也纳深造，艺术上进步飞快。贝多芬信仰共和，崇尚英雄，创作了有大量充满时代气息的优秀作品
1795年 他在维也纳举行了第一次音乐会，曲目是第二钢琴协奏曲，由他本人演奏钢琴。演出获得了成功。
1796年 出现耳疾先兆
1803年 完成划时代的《第三交响曲》，并准备献给拿破仑。
1804年 拿破仑称帝，贝多芬撕去了第三交响曲上写有献给拿破仑的扉页，而写上了一句话「为纪念一位伟大的人」
1808年 同时发表了第五交响曲《命运》与第六交响曲《田园》。
1809年 完成第五钢琴协奏曲《皇帝》。
1815年11月15日，其弟卡尔去世，贝多芬成为侄子卡尔的监护人。
1815年-1819年 经历4年的创作衰竭期。他一方面受到当时欧洲封建复辟的影响，情绪低落，一方面去收集、整理欧洲各地的民歌。
1824年 完成第九交响曲并在5月7日首演，盛况空前。
1826年 侄子卡尔自杀未遂,贝多芬精神大受打击，健康日益恶化
1827年 3月26日逝世於维也纳。
1827年 3月29日两万名维也纳市民参加了他的葬礼，当局要出动军队维持秩序。
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized December 17, 1770 – March 26, 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is widely regarded as one of classical music's supreme composers, and was a seminal figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in music. His reputation and genius have inspired—and in many cases intimidated—ensuing generations of composers, musicians, and audiences.
Born in Bonn, Germany, he moved to Vienna, Austria, in his early twenties, and settled there, studying with Joseph Haydn and quickly gaining a reputation as a virtuoso pianist. In his late twenties he began to lose his hearing, and yet continued to produce notable masterpieces throughout his life in the face of this personal disaster, even after his deafness became absolute. Unusually among his contemporaries, he worked as a freelance composer, arranging subscription concerts and being supported by a number of wealthy patrons who considered his gifts extraordinary.
Among his most widely-recognized works are his Third (Eroica), Fifth, Sixth (Pastoral) and Ninth (Choral) symphonies (the last containing the "Ode to Joy"), his Piano Concerto No. 5 ("Emperor"), his Violin Concerto, his Pathétique, Moonlight, and Appassionata piano sonatas, and the bagatelle Für Elise.
Beethoven was born at 515 Bongasse, Bonn, Germany, to Johann van Beethoven (1740–1792) and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven (1744–1787). Beethoven was baptized on December 17, but his family and later teacher Johann Albrechtsberger celebrated his birthday on December 16.
Beethoven's first music teacher was his father, a musician in the Electoral court at Bonn who was apparently a harsh and unpredictable teacher. Johann would often come home from a bar in the middle of the night and pull young Ludwig out of bed to play for him and his friend. Beethoven's talent was recognized at a very early age. His first important teacher was Christian Gottlob Neefe. In 1787 young Beethoven traveled to Vienna for the first time, where he may have met and played for Mozart. He was forced to return home because his mother was dying of tuberculosis. Beethoven's mother died when he was 16, and for several years he was responsible for raising his two younger brothers because of his father's worsening alcoholism.
Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, where he first studied with Joseph Haydn in lieu of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who had died the previous year. Beethoven immediately established a reputation as a piano virtuoso. His first works with opus numbers, the three piano trios, appeared in 1795. He settled into the career pattern he would follow for the remainder of his life: rather than working for the church or a noble court (as most composers before him had done), he supported himself through a combination of annual stipends or single gifts from members of the aristocracy, income from public performances, concerts, and lessons, and sales of his works.
Beethoven 1820 portraitBeethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods.
In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart while concurrently exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the first six string quartets, the first two piano concertos, and the first twenty piano sonatas, including the famous Pathétique and Moonlight.
The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness. The period is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music. Middle period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3–8), the last three piano concertos, triple concerto and his only violin concerto, five string quartets (Nos. 7–11), the next seven piano sonatas including the Waldstein, and Appassionata, and his only opera, Fidelio.
Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven died in 1827. The Late works are greatly admired for and characterized by their intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and experimentation with forms (for example, the Quartet in C Sharp Minor has seven movements, while most famously his Ninth Symphony adds choral forces to the orchestra in the last movement). This period includes the Missa Solemnis, the last five string quartets and the last five piano sonatas.
Considering the depth and extent of Beethoven's artistic explorations, as well as the composer's success in making himself comprehensible to the widest possible audience, the Austrian-born British musician and writer Hans Keller pronounced Beethoven "humanity's greatest mind altogether".
Beethoven's personal life was troubled. Around age 28, he started to become deaf, which led him to contemplate suicide (see the 1802 Heiligenstadt Testament). He was attracted to unattainable (married or aristocratic) women; he never married. His only uncontested love affair with a known woman began in 1805 with Josephine von Brunswick; most scholars think it ended by 1807 because she could not marry a commoner without losing her children. In 1812 he wrote a long love letter to a woman only identified therein as the "Immortal Beloved." Several candidates have been suggested, but none has won universal support. Some scholars believe his period of low productivity from about 1812 to 1816 was caused by depression resulting from Beethoven's realization that he would never marry. He didn't publish anything during this period, but he released an enormous amount of material in 1816.
Beethoven quarrelled, often bitterly, with his relatives and others (including a painful and public custody battle over his nephew Karl); he frequently treated other people badly. He moved often and had strange personal habits, such as wearing dirty clothing even as he washed compulsively. Nonetheless, he had a close and devoted circle of friends his entire life.
Many listeners perceive an echo of Beethoven's life in his music, which often depicts struggle followed by triumph. This description is often applied to Beethoven's creation of masterpieces in the face of his severe personal difficulties. His last musical sketches belong to the composition of a string quintet in C Major [1].
Beethoven was often in poor health. According to one of his letters, his abdominal problems began while he was still in Bonn and thus can be dated to before 1792. In 1826 his health took a drastic turn for the worse. The autopsy report indicates serious problems with his liver, gall bladder, spleen, and pancreas. There is no general agreement on the exact cause of death. Modern research on a lock of Beethoven's hair cut from his head the day after he died and a piece of his skull taken from his grave in 1863, both now at the Beethoven Center in San Jose, California [2], show that lead poisoning could well have contributed to his ill-health and ultimately to his death. The source (or sources) of the lead poisoning is unknown, but may have been fish, lead compounds used to sweeten wines, or pewter drinking vessels. It is unlikely that lead poisoning was the cause of his deafness, which several researchers think was caused by an autoimmune disorder such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The hair analyses did not detect mercury, which is consistent with the view that Beethoven did not have syphilis (syphilis was treated with mercury compounds at the time). The absence of drug metabolites suggests Beethoven avoided opiate painkillers.
Beethoven died on 26 March 1827, after a long illness, in the midst of a fierce thunderstorm, and legend has it that the dying man shook his fists in defiance of the heavens. He was buried in the Währinger cemetery. Twenty months later, the body of Franz Schubert was buried next to Beethoven's. In 1888, both Schubert's and Beethoven's graves were moved to the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery), where they can now be found next to those of Johann Strauss I and Johannes Brahms.

收起

音乐家贝多芬的故事
路德维希·凡·贝多芬(1770-1827) 是十八世纪后年叶以来世界最著名的德国音乐家。1770年12月26日贝多芬诞生于德国莱茵河畔的波恩城。他的祖父原是荷兰籍，移居德国后，曾任当地宫廷乐长。父亲是个男高音歌手，母亲是宫廷御厨的女儿。贝多芬生长的年代，正是约瑟夫二 世实行"开明专制"的时期，波恩的统治者也实行了一些改良的措施。波恩成了当时德国启蒙运动的中心地之一。贝...

全部展开

音乐家贝多芬的故事
路德维希·凡·贝多芬(1770-1827) 是十八世纪后年叶以来世界最著名的德国音乐家。1770年12月26日贝多芬诞生于德国莱茵河畔的波恩城。他的祖父原是荷兰籍，移居德国后，曾任当地宫廷乐长。父亲是个男高音歌手，母亲是宫廷御厨的女儿。贝多芬生长的年代，正是约瑟夫二 世实行"开明专制"的时期，波恩的统治者也实行了一些改良的措施。波恩成了当时德国启蒙运动的中心地之一。贝多芬的幼年 就是在这样的环境下成长起来的。但是，贝多芬童年很不幸福，嗜酒成癖的父亲败坏了家业，他企图把四岁的贝多芬变成摇钱 树，一心想让自己的儿子也成为莫扎特式的神童，因此他不只强 迫孩子练琴，而且常常夜半三更酗酒回家后把孩子从熟睡中拖起来拉琴，不满八岁的贝多芬被强迫在寇恩的听众面前表演、卖艺，十一岁的贝多芬就开始在剧院的乐队里工作。这种严酷的童 年生活，使贝多芬很早就走上了独立的以音乐谋生的道路，同时 也就养成了他坚毅倔强的性格。
从1781年起，贝多芬在剧院工作的同时，跟乐队指挥奈弗学习巴赫的《平均律钢琴曲》和作曲法。奈弗是位很有修养、倾向于启蒙运动的作曲家．指挥家，他对发展德国的民族歌剧、清唱剧都曾有过贡献。贝多芬通过向这位老师学习，认识到学习德国 民族音乐传统的重要，并在奈弗的引导下也接受了启蒙运动的影响，对德国当时的进步文学发生了浓厚的兴趣。
1787年以后，贝多芬担起了全家生活的经济重担。但贝多芬并未被艰难困苦的适遇所屈服，他设法在波恩大学旁听哲学课，他醉心于诵读和研究古代神话、希腊文和拉丁文的古典文学，他对莎士比亚、席勒、歌德等人的作品非常喜爱。他虽然没有莫扎特的早熟天赋，也没有莫扎特优越的学习条件，而他那孜孜不倦的自学所取得的成就，是他所有的前辈都不及的。
1789年的法国资产阶级革命和莱茵河流域进步的反封建运动，对贝多芬的思想成长起了巨大的作用，他逐渐把追求"自由、平等．博爱"作为自己的政治理想。1790年他创作的大合唱《约瑟 夫二世之死》，把约瑟夫二世当做人民的救世主来赞颂，这一方面表现出他对共和理想的追求，同时也反映出贝多芬早年对改良主义的不合实际的幻想。这部作品也是贝多芬把声乐和交响乐溶为一体的最早尝试。
1792年，贝多芬在海顿的鼓励与支持下，来到维也纳定居。他起先是以一位天才的青年钢琴家出入维也纳的贵族门庭，并受到贵族们的热情接待和保护，他也曾一度产生过对上流社会的幻 想。但是，贝多芬所处的时代毕竟与海顿，莫扎特的时代不同，时代赋予贝多芬更成熟的资产阶级自觉性和个人的自信和自尊。因而他一开始就不甘愿做贵族门的奴仆，而是要与贵族们有平等的地位。后来贝多芬渐渐发现自己的资产阶级理想和当时的封建 社会有着很大的矛盾，再加上他1796年开始面临耳聋的威胁，使贝多芬很快增长起一种对现实不满，对个人命运反抗的思想感情。
1797年后，贝多芬患了耳聋病，病情逐年恶化。对一个音乐家说来，再没有比这一打击更沉重的了！恶魔限制了作曲家同外界的交往，妨碍了他的钢琴演奏，他不得不放弃演出，而长期隐居在维也纳乡村。
从1800年起，贝多芬在创作上很自然地逐渐 脱开海顿和莫扎特的影响，力求创造自己的艺术风格，追求新的理想。他于 1803年完成的《第三交响曲》（《英雄交响曲》）标志了他在创作上进入一个新的发展阶段——成熟时期。他这一时期的创作力极 为旺盛，表现出巨人般的工作能力，涌现出许多杰出的作品。贝多芬成熟时期作品的基本思想逻辑——“通过斗争，得到胜利"，在这一时期中逐步得到确立，英雄性、群众性的交响乐新风格形 成了，革命的内容、戏剧性的交响乐发展手法、形式上的各种重 大革新等等，在这一时期都获得了进一步的发展。贝多芬最杰出的作品，几乎都是在他后半生三十年生涯的耳聋状态中创作的。
1815一1819年是贝多芬经历的四年危机时期。当时，欧洲陷入了反动的封建复辟时期，资产阶级的革命力量遭到扼杀，黑暗笼罩着欧洲大陆。这个时期贝多芬的思想较为复杂，他的自信和坚定被失望和动摇所袭扰;创作上的英雄风格向抒情性风格转变；作品很少，大部分时间花在收集、探索和改编欧洲各国的民 歌上。这充分说明资产阶级上升时期的共和主义者是有其历史局限的。然而，贝多芬最后终于从沉默中挣扎出来，度过了他的危机 时期。从1819年起，贝多芬重又把自己的注意力集中在反封建的 斗争中来。此时他创作的五首钢琴奏鸣曲、五首弦乐四重奏，乃至他创作中最伟大的《第九交响曲》（《合唱交响曲》）等作品都具有深刻的意义。但贝多芬最后的晚年是他一生最悲惨、最痛 苦的年月，孤寂和贫困的威胁使他穷愁潦倒，孑然一身，1827年3月26日病逝于维也纳。据说在他临终的一刻，暴雨雷电交加， 贝多芬举起干枯的手臂向天空作最后的奋击。这种生命不息战斗 不止的精神，全部贯注在他那些不朽的巨作中。
贝多芬是人类艺术上最伟大的创造者之一。他一方面有着卓越的音乐天斌、炽热的叛逆气质和巨人般的坚强性格；另一方面他那百折不挠的意志和对社会的责任感而产生的崇高思想，形成他作为一个音乐家的特殊品质。他通过自己的创作，特别在他的九部交响曲中，反映了那个时代伟大的人民运动和最进步的思想。他以时代和个人的命运为题，通过深刻的哲理和感人的艺术形象相结合，写出了一系列交响乐作品，表现了从斗争到胜利、从黑暗到光明、从苦难到快乐的资产阶级上升时期的精神历程，他的九首交响曲象珍珠一样永远闪闪发光。
通过对贝多芬九首交响曲的研究和分析，特别是其中四首(即第三．五、六，九首)标题性交响曲的剖析，我们不仅可以了解贝多芬全部创作的基本面貌和他那伟大而纯真的思想，而且可以了解到交响乐创作上的重大革新，可以看到交响乐是如何从海顿、莫扎特时代过渡到以舒柏特、门德尔逊为代表的新发展时期。早在贝多芬在世时他就已被公认是具有世界意义的音乐家， 他既是伟大的古典作曲家，又以浪漫派的先驱而载入史册。

收起