专业（遗传学）外语翻译在（植物）遗传育种工作中,遗传标记是重要的工具,对遗传标记在杂交后代的分离类型进行分析,是了解这些标记以及与它们紧密连锁的基因所控制的性状的遗传性的

专业（遗传学）外语翻译在（植物）遗传育种工作中,遗传标记是重要的工具,对遗传标记在杂交后代的分离类型进行分析,是了解这些标记以及与它们紧密连锁的基因所控制的性状的遗传性的
专业（遗传学）外语翻译
在（植物）遗传育种工作中,遗传标记是重要的工具,对遗传标记在杂交后代的分离类型进行分析,是了解这些标记以及与它们紧密连锁的基因所控制的性状的遗传性的主要途径.理想的遗传标记主要应具备以下4个标准：1、具有较强的多态性2、表现为共显性,能够鉴别出纯合基因型或杂合基因型3、对主要农艺性状没有影响4、经济方便,容易观察记载.当前遗传标记主要有四种类型,即形态标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和分子标记.形态标记即植物的外部特征特性,如株高、穗形、粒色等.形态标记简单,直观,但是形态标记数目少,多态性差,易受环境因素影响,而许多形态标记会对重要的农艺性状产生不利的影响.细胞学标记主要是染色体核型（随体、着丝点位置等）和带型（C带、N带、G带）；生化标记主要包括同工酶和贮藏蛋白,具有经济方便的有点,但是二者标记数目有限,不能满足遗传育种工作的需要.
分子标记是建立于DNA水平的遗传标记,与上述三种标记相比有如下特点：1、直接以DNA形势出现,不受环境影响,在作物的不同发育阶段,不同组织均可进行检测2、数量极多,遍及整个基因组3、多态性高4、不影响目标性状表达,与不良性状无必然的连锁5、许多分子标记在遗传状态上表现为显性和共显性,能够鉴别出纯合基因和杂合基因.

专业名词：
遗传标记：genetic marker
标准：character
性状：trait
连锁：link
多态性：polymorphism
显性：dominance
共显性：comdominace
纯合基因：homozygous genes
杂合基因：heterozygous genes
经济方便：cost- and laber-effective
形态标记：morphological markers
细胞学：cytology
生化：biochemistry
核型：karyotype
随体：satellite
着丝点：centromere
带型：banding
同工酶：isozyme
贮藏蛋白：seed starage protein
遍及整个基因组：scatter over the whole genome
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专业（遗传学）外语翻译在（植物）遗传育种工作中,遗传标记是重要的工具,对遗传标记在杂交后代的分离类型进行分析,是了解这些标记以及与它们紧密连锁的基因所控制的性状的遗传性的
In the work of plant’s genetics and
breeding, genetic marker is an important tool. The main way to understand the
genes of these markers and their close linkage control characters of genes is
to analyze the separate types of genetic marker in the hybridize generations.
The ideal genetic marker mainly has four characters: 1. better polymorphism. 2. It shows comdominace, and distinguishes
homozygous genes or heterozygous genes.3. It has no effect to the main
agronomic character. 4. It has a few costs and very convenient to observe and
record. The current genetic markers have mainly four types, morphological
markers, cytology markers,
biochemistry markers and element markers. Morphological markers are the
outside characters of the plants, such as stem height, shape of plant ears,
grain color. It is simple and directly seeing, but it lacks in quantity and polymorphism, and can be easily affected by
the environment. What’s more, many morphological markers have bad
effects on important agronomic characters. Cytology markers are mainly chromosomal karyotype(satellite, centromere and so on) and
banding(C,N,G); Biochemistry markers mainly concludes isozyme and seed
starage protein, and it is economic and convenient. But they two have so
limited quantities that cannot meet the needs of genetic and breeding.Element markers are
based on the DNA level, and it has 3 different characters as follows: 1. It
shows with the form of DNA and not affected by the environment. It can be
examined in different periods of the plant’s growth and different
organizations. 2. It has a big quantity and scatter over the whole genome. 3.
It has a high level of polymorphism. 4. It has no
effect on the expression of goal characters and has no inevitable link to the
bad characters. 5. Many element markers shows dominance and comdominace in inheredity, with which can distinguish
homozygous genes and heterozygous genes.