英语翻译Interpersonal relationships have long been suspected of shaping agrarian institutions,probably becauseweak formal institutions must be supplemented by interpersonal trust.This is particularly true forinformal risk sharing,a fundamental ri

英语翻译Interpersonal relationships have long been suspected of shaping agrarian institutions,probably becauseweak formal institutions must be supplemented by interpersonal trust.This is particularly true forinformal risk sharing,a fundamental ri
英语翻译
Interpersonal relationships have long been suspected of shaping agrarian institutions,probably because
weak formal institutions must be supplemented by interpersonal trust.This is particularly true for
informal risk sharing,a fundamental risk coping mechanism for the rural poor (e.g.Mark R.Rosenzweig,
1988,Marcel Fafchamps,1992,Stephen Coate and Martin Ravallion,1993,Robert Townsend,1994,
Ethan Ligon et al.,2001,Andrew Foster and Mark R.Rosenzweig,2001).
In this paper we examine whether risk sharing networks are formed so as to maximize the mutual
gains from pooling income risk.The bene…t from risk pooling is largest when households have di¤erent
income pro…les –e.g.,di¤erent occupations –and are subjected to di¤erent sources of risk –e.g.,live
far apart.Gains from risk sharing therefore increase with social and geographical distance.But distance
also raises the cost of interpersonal links.The net e¤ect on link formation is a priori indeterminate.
We investigate this issue empirically using survey data from the rural Philippines.Marcel Fafchamps
and Susan Lund (2003) have shown that informal gifts and loans serve a risk sharing purpose but follow
interpersonal networks.Here we show that occupation is not a major determinant of risk sharing links.
In contrast,geographic proximity –possibly correlated with kinship ties –is a strong correlate of risk
sharing networks.This may be because it facilitates monitoring and enforcement

英语翻译Interpersonal relationships have long been suspected of shaping agrarian institutions,probably becauseweak formal institutions must be supplemented by interpersonal trust.This is particularly true forinformal risk sharing,a fundamental ri
人际交往已久,涉嫌塑造农业院校,这可能是因为
弱正规机构必须辅以人际间的信任.这是尤其如此.
非正式地分担风险,从根本上的风险应对机制,为农村贫困人口（如马克传译Rosenweig这样
1988年,（ Marcel fafchamps ,1992年,斯蒂芬coate和马丁ravallion ,1993年,罗伯特汤森,1994 ,
伊森ligon等人,2001年,郑家富,培育和马克传译Rosenweig这样,2001年） .
在这篇文章中我们研究是否有风险,共享网络的形成等,以最大限度地相互
收益汇集收入风险.该益处…吨,由全民分担风险,是最大的时候,住户都迪¤ erent
收入亲…就业辅导组-例如,邸¤ erent职业和所遭受的直接投资¤ erent来源的风险,例如,活
相距甚远.收益分担风险,因此,增加与社会和地理上的距离.但距离
也提高了成本,人际间的联系.网e ¤等环节上形成的是一种先验不定.
我们调查这个问题,用实证的调查数据是从农村菲律宾.（ Marcel fafchamps
和苏珊伦德（ 2003 ）已表明,非正规礼品及贷款服务,分担风险的目的,但随后
人际网络.在这里,我们证明了占领是不是一个主要的决定性因素.分担风险环节.
相比之下,地理上的接近-可能与亲属关系-是一个强关联的风险
共享网络.这可能是因为它有利于监测和执法