examnation do more harm than good 英文辩论稿

examnation do more harm than good 英文辩论稿
examnation do more harm than good 英文辩论稿

examnation do more harm than good 英文辩论稿
MATHEMATICALLY the exam league tables published last week still don't add up - and it is easy to understand why.Take a small school in the Western Isles where 20 pupils might take standard grades in any given year.If just one of those pupils botches their exams,the school's exam "performance" dips by 5% instantly.For a large urban secondary school,20 pupils would need to fail to bring about a similar fall.No statistician would tolerate comparing the two schools' achievements on this basis.
There are many other reasons why publishing comparative tables of school exam performance may initially appear of use while they are in reality largely invalid.Parents who plan to use such data to help them choose which school to send their child to should pause to think.What will really determine your child's achievement?Is it your child's ability and/or background?
Those teachers whose schools are winners in this annual beauty contest may be reluctant to admit it,but the research we publish today in the news section shows pretty unequivocally that exam success is best predicted by the relative wealth of a pupil's parents.
This is the reason the league tables provoke a mixture of fury and depression among teachers and parents alike,especially in poor areas.
The real message of the league tables is that they highlight the deprived neighbourhoods.So when education minister Cathy Jamieson allows the national figures to be published each year,she might as well phone up teachers and families at the bottom of the lists and say:"Just called to let you know - you're still poor!"
It is not good enough for the Labour politicians,who bitterly opposed league tables in opposition,to argue that they are stuck with them now.If that is the case why has the Welsh Assembly abolished them?
The Executive argues that the information is expected and demanded by parents - but according to the Executive's own research,most parents ignore the statistics.
They need not be completely abolished,and nobody interested in open government would argue that they should be.But they could be published in another form,allowing parents to see the results of schools in individual areas,but avoiding the skewed national emphasis.
They could be published in context,demonstrating the other factors which go to make a decent school - such as a wide variety of extra-curricular activities,an atmosphere of creativity and respect,low levels of truancy and good discipline.League tables measure none of these,not even crudely.
But it is simply hypocritical for a government which prides itself on attempting to tackle social exclusion to continue to allow this annual distraction in its current pointless and divisive form.Left alone,the lists will simply serve to bump up property prices in prosperous areas while slowly undermining much of the urban renewal so badly needed in our big cities.It's an easy call and simply requires some basic joined-up government thinking.
According to Cochrane Collaboration,an international organization that evaluates medical research,self examination of the breasts is not recommended,and may do more harm than good.
The authors in Tuesday鈥檚 issue of The Cochrane Library say,鈥淒ata from two large trials do not suggest a beneficial effect of screening by (BSE) but do suggest harm in terms of increased numbers of benign lesions identified and an increased number of biopsies performed.At present,screening by breast self-examination 鈥 cannot be recommended.鈥
The study focuses on findings from a 2003 study of Russian women and a 2002 study on Chinese women.鈥淚t鈥檚 important to separate out the public health implications from the implications for an individual woman,鈥 says Dr.David B.Thomas,breast cancer epidemiologist at Seattle鈥檚 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and professor of epidemiology at the University of Washington.He is also the author of the 2002 landmark study involving more than 250,000 Chinese women studied on similar lines.
鈥淚f a woman is highly motivated 鈥 let鈥檚 say her mother or sister has been diagnosed with breast cancer 鈥 then of course she should practice breast self-exam.But that鈥檚 a different situation than trying to reach women on a mass scale.Our study shows that that鈥檚 probably a waste of time.You鈥檙e not going to get women sufficiently motivated to practice it well enough and frequently enough to make that big of a difference.鈥
Cindy Geoghegan,executive advisor for scientific community relations at the Susan G.Komen Breast Cancer Foundation says,鈥淲hat this research does is [say] breast self exam by itself doesn鈥檛 increase survival and it never did.But as part of a comprehensive plan for women for early detection鈥 that includes maintaining a healthy lifestyle and knowing your medical history,鈥渨e鈥檙e not going to say don鈥檛 do it.鈥
While the study finds no benefits from breast self examinations,they are not indicating that these should not be performed.The authors say,鈥渢hat the lack of supporting evidence from the two major studies should be discussed with these women to enable them to make an informed decision.鈥

自己整理 ！
Do Examinations Do More Harm Than Good?
Text
On Eggs and Exams
I've been acting like an egg strikin...

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自己整理 ！
Do Examinations Do More Harm Than Good?
Text
On Eggs and Exams
I've been acting like an egg striking a rock. What is this egg? It's the campaign against the old-fashioned way of teaching Intensive Reading . And what' s the rock?. It' s the old-fashioned way of setting exams. So long as the old type of I.R. examination remains in force, the campaign against the old method of teaching I.R. can't win. It's like an egg striking a rock.
Many people agree: Yes, this old-fashioned I.R. (OFIR) is certainly intensive; it calls for most intensive work by the students. But it doesn't teach them how to read. The more intensively the students study, the fewer books they read.
And OFIR doesn't teach them language well either. Learning a language means learning to use it. OFIR doesn't do that. It teaches mainly about the language.
Well, if so many teachers and students agree that OFIR doesn't teach people how to read, why aren't they willing to give it up? Because of that rock - the rock of the old examination system. If that rock is not smashed, the egg is smashed. The campaign against OFIR can't be won.
Many I. R. exams, until now, have actually includec reading material studied during the term. Does that examim how well the students have learnt to read? No. It examine how well they have learnt by heart the reading texts and the explanations the teacher has given them. A student might ge high marks on such .a test without having learnt to read much better than before she took the course. A true test would consist
of unseen passages. That would show how well a studew could read and how much she had learnt.
Is that so important? Yes. A college student should know how to read and should learn to read much and fast. She should, on graduation, have read hundreds and hundreds of pages, dozens and dozens of books. .
How else can our students inherit the knowledge that mankind has gained through the ages? For that is what China must do in order to modernize.
Of course, reading in itself is not enough. We must think - think about what we read and analyze its content, idea: and ap.proach. "Cultivate the habit of analysis." That is the aim of education. But we must have something solid to analyze. We must have some knowledge of the world, of nature, of society, past and present, Chinese and foreign. So we must read much. Therefore we must learn to read fast.
Naturally, we do need to know something about the language. We do need to know some grammar. But grammar is only a means to an end, not an end in itself. For grammar, after all, is theory. And "what is theory for and where does it come from ? It comes from practice and serves practice." The same applies to grammar. So we need to do some intensive reading for the sake of extensive reading, for the sake of reading whole articles, whole books. A little theory goes a long way. The final test is practice.
True, reading is far from the only source of knowledge. Reading without observing life and taking part in life, without experimenting, will produce bookworms, not modernizers.
This does not show that all kinds of I. R. are absolutely useless and should be scrappeds. Some I . R . should be kept but it should be kept within limit. It should not be "the super-power course", riding roughshod over the language curriculum
and taking over most of the timetable. And what I . R . we keep and teach should not be so long and so hard that the teacher is forced to use the duck-stuffing, lecturing method. And it should not just focus on "words, words, words ". It should focus on meaning, on ideas, on understanding, on communication - on forests as well as on
trees.
But as long as students are forced to get good marks in order to get good jobs; and as long as teachers want their students to get good marks so that they themselves can gain fame as good teachers, then everything depends on examinations. It depends on what sort of exams w e teachers set and the educational
authorities demand. Until we reform our exams we can hardly reform our teaching methods.
So let's launch a new campaign, to discuss and reform the exam system; and at the same time continue the campaign against OFIR, the super-power. We need to fight on two fronts at once. Otherwise we'll be eggs striking rocks.

II. Read
Read the following passages. Underline the important viewpoints while reading.
l. Different Views about Examinations
John: Examinations do more harm than good!
Michae: I agree. We spend so much time revising for examinations that we
haven't enough time for new work!
Joan: I don't agree. Without exams, no one would do any revision. We would soon
forget everything.
Linda: That's right. The only time I do any work is when there's going to be an
exam! That's true of everyone, isn't it?
John: No, I don't think so. Many people work steadily all the time, and they
remember what they learn. That's better than doing no work for weeks
and then working all night before the examination. If there were
no exams, more people would work like that, don't you agree?
Joan: No, I don't think so. I think many people wouldn't do any work at all.
I know I wouldn't.
Linda: Of course not. Besides, without exams, how could an employer
decide whether to give us jobs?
John: The teachers could write reports about us. Examinations can be
unreliable, don't you think so? Our teachers know as well, don't they?
Linda: Yes, they do. That's why I would rather have an examination!

2. The General Certificate of Education at O Level
When people discuss education they insist that preparation for examiriations
is not the main purpose. They are right in theory, but in practice, we all realize how importarit examinations are. What do you know about the examinations taken at English secondary schools? Here are a few facts about some of them. .
Pupils who remain at school until they are sixteen normally take what is called the Geneial Certificate of Education at Ordinary level. The examination is a subject examination. This means you can take a number of subjects. Some pupils take as many as ten. The more subjects the better chance a pupil has of getting a job on leaving school.

3. Homework Row Led to the Death of a Girl
A nine-year old girl was beaten to death by her mother for failing to finish the day's homework in time.
Liu Lin- was a third-year pupil in a primary school in a Tibetan autonomous
prefecture in Northwest Qinghai Province: She was one of the best students in her school, according to yesterday's Workers' Daily.
But on July 10, she did not do her arithmetic homework when Sun Fengxia, her mother, got home from work at 16:00 p.m.
Sun severely beat her daughter with a rolling pin, the newspaper said.
By 19:30 p.m. that evening, she found that her daughter had done only part of the homework, and she became even more angry.
Sun slapped her daughter in the face and kicked her, according to the paper.
Lin became unconscious and later died despite efforts of doctors to save her.
Such cases are not rare in China.
In December last year in the province, Wu Yuxia beat her nine-year old son Xia Fei to death . She later committed suicide in a prison.
In Dalian of Northeast Liaoning Province, Li Liansheng beat his 14- year old son Li Guobin to death in March last year because the boy was playing truant.
In Nanjing, capital of coastal Jiangsu Province, 19-year old Wang Lin killed his parents at home because they forced him to try to get good marks in examinations.

4. Examinations Are Primitive Methods
of Testing Knowledge and Ability
We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a Person's knowledge and ability remain as primitive as they ever were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to devise anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is cotnmon knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person's true ability and aptitude.

5. Examinations Are Anxiety-makers
As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success or failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesn't matter that you weren't feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don't count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror,or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of "drop-outs": young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?

6. The Examination System Never Trains
You to Think for Yourself
A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorise. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedom. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam technipues which they despise. The most successful, candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.

7. Exam Is a Subjective Assessment by Some
Anonymous Examiner
The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry: they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight.
After a judge,s decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiner's. There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a person's true abilities. Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: "I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire. "

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可以把那个old-fashioned这个词换成别的么,出现的也太频繁了点吧.
比如:cliché, sophisticated等等