初中英语从句

初中英语从句
初中英语从句

初中英语从句
你说的宾语从句吗?
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.
宾语从句用法
　　时态： 　　1.主句用一般现在时,从句可用任意时态. 　　2.主句用过去时,从句用过去某个时态. 　　3.主句用过去时,从句是客观真理时,只用一般现在时.
一、宾语从句的连接词 　　从属连词 　　连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether. 　　that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句, 　　if和whether引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句. 　　He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year 　　他告诉我他明年上大学. 　　I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 　　我不知道是否还会有公交车. 　　Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 　　没有人知道他是否会通过考试. 　　连接代词 　　连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 　　连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. 　　Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 　　你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么? 　　The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 　　这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么. 　　Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 　　你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗? 　　连接副词 　　连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. 　　He didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 　　他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. 　　Could you please tell me how you use the new panel? 　　你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? 　　None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 　　没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
二、动词的宾语从句
　　大多数动词都可以带宾语从句 　　We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger. 　　我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮. 　　He told us that they would help us through the whole work. 　　他告诉我们在整个工作中,他们都会帮忙的. 　　部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句 　　I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 　　我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. 　　Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip? 　　你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗? 　　动词短语也可以带宾语从句 　　常见的这些词有: 　　make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记 　　Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 　　在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 　　可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句 　　①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置. 　　I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 　　我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. 　　I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together. 　　我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾. 　　I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 　　我每天写日记成了习惯. 　　We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this matter. 　　我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 　　②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it 　　这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. 　　I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. 　　我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. 　　He will have it that our plan is really practical. 　　他会认为我们的计划确实可行. 　　We take it that you will agree with us. 　　我们认为你会同意我们的. 　　When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral. 　　开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置. 　　③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替 　　We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 　　我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. 　　We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 　　我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.
三、介词的宾语从句
　　用wh-类的介词宾语从句 　　We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 　　我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部. 　　The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 　　这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的. 　　用that,if引导的介词宾语从句 　　有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句 　　I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 　　对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.
四、形容词的宾语从句
　　常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised 　　I am sure I will pass the exam. 　　我确信我会通过考试. 　　I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 　　很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你. 　　He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 　　他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.
五、if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
　　① if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if 　　② 少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. 　　③ whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. 　　④ 在不定式前只能用whether. 　　（如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下.） 　　⑤ 避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.
六、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that
　　当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时; 　　当宾语从句较长时; 　　当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时; 　　当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时; 　　当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略; 　　当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时; 　　当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时; 　　当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时; 　　当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时; 　　当宾语从句有it做其先行词时; 　　在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.

神马？

学习宾语从句并不难，只要你能过好下面的三道关：
第一关，选好连接词（也有人叫关联词）。
引导宾语从句的连接词，课本上写有三类，但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。
1．连词that：只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如： 1）He knew（that）he should work hard．
2）I am gl...

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学习宾语从句并不难，只要你能过好下面的三道关：
第一关，选好连接词（也有人叫关联词）。
引导宾语从句的连接词，课本上写有三类，但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。
1．连词that：只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如： 1）He knew（that）he should work hard．
2）I am glad（that）you've passed the exam．
2．连词whether或if：它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，口语中多用if。例如： 3）Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning？
3．连接代词who，whom ，whose，what， which：它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有其自己的意义。例如：
6）The teacher asked the new student which class he was in？（武汉市）（which引导宾语从句，在从句中作定语，修饰class，意为“哪个”。）
4．连接副词when，where， why，how：起连接作用，分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语，各有其自己的意义。例如：
8）I wonder where he got so much money．对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。（where在从句中作地点状语，修饰got，意为“哪里；什么地方”。）
第二关，牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即“连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他”。这里特别强调的是，它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序，不是疑问句的倒装语序。例如： 10）You must remember what your teacher said．
11）—Dad，do you know when the football game will start？
—In half an hour．（宁波市）
12）汉译英：你能不能告诉我，我们去看望谁？
误：Can you tell me who（m）do we have to see？
正：Can you tell me who（m）we have to see？
错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句，如W hat time does the plane arrive in Paris？就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris？”这种错误句子来。但是一旦我们注意了，我们不久就习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris？”了。
第三关，注意时态的呼应。 宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受主句谓语时态的制约，这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。例如：
13）汉译英：我原以为你今天有空的。 误：I thought（that）you are free today．
正：I thought（that）you would be free today．
错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有 today，但因为主句谓语是thought，所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would be了。
这种时态的呼应，如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制，
巩固与检测请做下列2002年中考题：
1．In the bookshop，a reader asked the shop keeper _____Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book．（北京市东城区）
A．that B．how C．what D．if
2．—I don't know _____ Mr．Green will come to see us．
—He will help us with our English．（杭州市）
A．why B．when C．how D．where
3．—We never know _____ the old m an is． —They say he is a teacher. A．what B．who C．which D．where
4．I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers． A．that how B．how that C．when that D．that when
5．—Do you know _____ ？I'm going to see him． —Sorry，I don't know．（北京市海淀区） A．where does Mr．Li live B．where did Mr．Li live
C．where Mr．Li lives D．where Mr．Li lived
6．—W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer？
—Sorry，I have no idea．（南京市）
A．／；bought B．has；bought C．did；buy D．does；buy
7．I don't feel very well．Mum asked me _____this morning．（重庆市）
A. what the matter is B．what is wrong
C．what the matter was D．what wrong was
8．—Where is Jack？
—He is away to spend his holiday．He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan，but I'm not sure _____ ．（南昌市）
A．that B．which C．where D．there
Key: 宾语从句与中考试题 1—4 D A A D 5—8 C A C C
状语从句的种类
§ 1状语从句的种类
用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为：
1.时间状语从句；(adverbial clause of time)
2.地点状语从句；(adverbial clause of place)
3.原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause)
4.条件状语从句；(adverbial clause of condition)
5.目的状语从句；(adverbial clause of purpose)
6.让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession)
7.比较状语从句；(adverbial clause of comparison)
8.程度状语从句；(adverbial clause of degree)
9.方式状语从句；(adverbial clause of manner)
10.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result)
§2状语从句的时态特点
一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如：
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。（这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时，表示一般将来时，决不可用will arrive）
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。（从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished，表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished）
If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了，请通知我。（从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时，决不可用will come back）
二 时间状语从句
§3时间状语从句（adverbial clause of time）
1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如：
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。
【区别】when, while和as的区别：when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如：
When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词）
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比）
As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如：
We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边……一边”）
As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）
2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如：
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时）
3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：
I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。
I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。
Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。
4.由since引导的时间状语从句。 since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is ＋时间＋since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如：
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。
【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如：
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。
6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如：
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。
7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如：
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候，我猜想他就要说谎了。
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你，见你更年轻了。
8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。例如：
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反对这种境况。
三 地点状语从句
§4地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place)
地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如：
句型1：Where＋地点从句，（there）＋主句。
【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。
They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。
You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民得解放。
句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地点从句，＋主句。
【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如：
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。

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