英语翻译有翻译的更好,追加分数20没有的话我就自己翻晕……各位大大,需要的是外文期刊文献,包括出处、摘要、引言、参考文献之类的完整的文章,看来我没有表述清楚,另外,估计错误,3000字

英语翻译有翻译的更好,追加分数20没有的话我就自己翻晕……各位大大,需要的是外文期刊文献,包括出处、摘要、引言、参考文献之类的完整的文章,看来我没有表述清楚,另外,估计错误,3000字
英语翻译
有翻译的更好,追加分数20
没有的话我就自己翻
晕……各位大大,需要的是外文期刊文献,包括出处、摘要、引言、参考文献之类的完整的文章,看来我没有表述清楚,另外,估计错误,3000字汉字要20000个字符,

英语翻译有翻译的更好,追加分数20没有的话我就自己翻晕……各位大大,需要的是外文期刊文献,包括出处、摘要、引言、参考文献之类的完整的文章,看来我没有表述清楚,另外,估计错误,3000字
麦卡锡(E.J.Mccarthy)(于1960年也对微观市场营销下了定义：市场营销是企业经营活动的职责,它将产品及劳务从生产者直接引向消费者或使用者以便满足顾客需求及实现公司利润,同时也是一种社会经济活动过程,其目的在于满足社会或人类需要,实现社会目标.(《基础市场学》第1 9页).这一定义虽比美国市场营销协会的定义前进了一步,指出了满足顾客需求及实现企业赢利成为公司的经营目标,但这两种定义都说明,市场营销活动是在产品生产活动结束时开始的,中间经过一系列经营销售活动,当商品转到用户手中就结束了,因而把企业营销活动仅局限于流通领域的狭窄范围,而不是视为企业整个经营销售的全过程,即包括市场营销调研、产品开发、定价、分销广告、宣传报导、销售促进、人员推销、售后服务等.
　　而格隆罗斯给的定义强调了营销的目的：营销是在一种利益之上下,通过相互交换和承诺,建立、维持、巩固与消费者及其他参与者的关系,实现各方的目的.
　　[编辑本段]2、新式定义
　　①台湾的江亘松在《你的行销行不行》中强调行销的变动性,利用行销的英文 Marketing 作了下面的定义：“什么是行销?”就字面上来说,“行销”的英文是“Marketing”,若把 Marketing 这个字拆成 Market（市场）与 ing（英文的现在进行式表示方法）这两个部分,那行销可以用“市场的现在进行时”来表达产品、价格、促销、通路的变动性导致供需双方的微妙关系.
　　②2004年8月,美国波士顿.在AMA（美国市场营销协会）夏季营销教学者研讨会上,AMA揭开了关于市场营销新定义的面纱,以此更新了近20年来AMA对营销的官方定义.此后,关于市场营销的新定义在美国的市场营销理论界、实践界都引起了广泛的讨论.这次公布的市场营销新定义是在整合了来自全球的理论界和实践界众多营销者的贡献基础之上而修订出来的.
　　中国人民大学商学院郭国庆教授建议将这次的新定义完整的表述为：
　　市场营销既是一种组织职能,也是为了组织自身及利益相关者的利益而创造、传播、传递客户价值,管理客户关系的一系列过程.
　　推动重新审视和修订AMA关于市场营销的官方定义的主要力量之一是来自于AMA的CEO丹尼斯•杜兰普.关于市场营销的第一版官方定义是1935年由AMA的前身——美国营销教师协会所采用的,1948年被AMA正式采用.1960年,当AMA重新审视第一版定义时决定依然保持不变,不做任何修改.就这样,关于市场营销的最初的定义一直沿用了50年,直到1985年的时候被重新修订了.修订后的定义也就是当今见到的关于市场营销最普遍的定义：
　　市场营销是计划和执行关于商品、服务和创意的观念、定价、促销和分销,以创造符合个人和组织目标的交换的一种过程.
　　这个定义一直沿用至今,直到2004年夏天才被重新修订.这次新定义是近20年来关于市场营销定义的首次修订,无怪乎引起了广大营销者的普遍重视.当然,引起大家关注的原因也还在于AMA的地位.因而,由她来做出如此之修订,自然会引起各方面的关注.
　　[编辑本段]3、市场营销理论
　　市场营销理论发展有以下四个阶段：
　　第一阶段：初创阶段.市场营销于19世纪末到20世界20年代在美国创立,源于工业的发展,这时的市场营销所研究的范围很窄,只是研究广告和商业网点的设置.并在伊利诺等洲的大学开设相关课程.并由“美国广告协会”改为“全美广告学与市场营销学教员协会”,给市场营销学的研究提供了组织保证.这时市场营销学的研究特点是：a. 着重推销术和广告术,至于现代市场营销的理论、概念、原则还没有出现；b. 研究活动基本上局限于大学的课堂和教授的书房,还没有得到社会和企业界的重视.
　　第二阶段：应用阶段.20世纪20年代至二战结束为应用阶段,此时初具规模,美国国内企业开始大规模运用市场营销学来运营企业,打开海外市场,欧洲国家也纷纷效仿.1931年成立“美国市场营销协会”,宣讲市场营销学,并于1937年上述两组织合并,广泛吸收学术界与企业界人士参加,市场营销学开始从大学讲台走向社会.此阶段市场营销的发展表现在应用上.因1929年资本主义世界爆发了空前的经济危机,经济出现大萧条、大萎缩,社会购买力急剧下降,市场问题空前尖锐.危机对整个资本主义经济打击很大.这个阶段,市场营销学的研究特点是：a. 并没有脱离产品推销这一狭窄的概念；b. 在更深更广的基础上研究推销术和广告术；c. 研究有利于推销的企业组织机构设置；d. 市场营销理论研究开始走向社会,被广大企业界所重视.
　　第三阶段：形成发展时期.20世纪50年代至80年代为市场营销学的发展阶段,美国军工经济开始转向民众经济,社会商品急剧增加,社会生产力大幅度提升,而与此相对应的居民消费水平却没有得到多大的提升,市场开始出现供过于求的状态.此时美国市场营销学专家W.Aderson与R.Cox提出“广义的市场营销学,是促进生产者与消费者进行潜在商品或劳务交易的任何活动.”此观点使营销开始步入全新的阶段.原先认为市场是生产过程的终点,现在认为是生产过程的起点；原先认为市场营销就是推销产品,现在认为市场营销是通过调查了解消费者的需求和欲望,而生产符合消费者的需求和欲望的商品或服务,进而满足消费者的需求和欲望；从而使市场营销学摆脱企业框架而进入社会视野,并有明显的管理导向.
　　第四阶段：成熟阶段.80年代至今,为市场营销学的成熟阶段,表现在：a.与其他学科关联,如经济学、数学、统计学、心理学等；b.开始形成自身的理论体系；80年代是市场营销学的革命时期,开始进入现代营销领域,使市场营销学的面貌焕然一新.
　　[编辑本段]4、市场营销观念
　　市场营销观念的演变与发展,可归纳为五种,即生产观念、产品观念、推销观念、市场营销观念和社会市场营销观念.
　　（1）生产观念
　　生产观念是指导销售者行为的最古老的观念之一.这种观念产生于20世纪20年代前.企业经营哲学不是从消费者需求出发,而是从企业生产出发.其主要表现是“我生产什么,就卖什么” .生产观念认为,消费者喜欢那些可以随处买得到而且价格低廉的产品,企业应致力于提高生产效率和分销效率,扩大生产,降低成本以扩展市场.例如,美国皮尔斯堡面粉公司,从1869年至20世纪20年代,一直运用生产观念 指导企业的经营,当时这家公司提出的口号是“本公司旨在制造面粉”. 美国汽车大王亨利•福特曾傲慢地宣称：“不管顾客需要什么颜色的汽车,我只有一种黑色的.”也是典型表现.显然,生产观念是一种重生产、轻市场营销的商业哲学.
　　生产观念是在卖方市场条件下产生的.在资本主义工业化初期以及第二次世界大战末期和战后一段时期内,由于物资短缺,市场产品供不应求,生产观念在企业经营管理中颇为流行.中国在计划经济旧体制下,由于市场产品短缺,企业不愁其产品没有销路,工商企业在其经营管理中也奉行生产观念,具体表现为：工业企业集中力量发展生产,轻视市场营销,实行以产定销；商业企业集中力量抓货源,工业生产什么就收购什么,工业生产多少就收购多少,也不重视市场营销.
　　除了物资短缺、产品供不应求的情况之外,有些企业在产品成本高的条件下,其市场营销管理也受产品观念支配.例如,亨利•福特在本世纪初期曾倾全力于汽车的大规模生产,努力降低成本,使消费者购买得起,借以提高福特汽车的市场占有率.
　　（2）产品观念
　　它也是一种较早的企业经营观念.产品观念认为,消费者最喜欢高质量、多功能和具有某种特色的产品,企业应致力于生产高值产品,并不断加以改进.它产生于市场产品供不应求的“卖方市场”形势下.最容易滋生产品观念的场合,莫过于当企业发明一项新产品时.此时,企业最容易导致“市场营销近视”,即不适当地把注意力放在产品上,而不是放在市场需要上,在市场营销管理中缺乏远见,只看到自己的产品质量好,看不到市场需求在变化,致使企业经营陷入困境.
　　例如,美国×××钟表公司自1869年创立到20世纪50年代,一直被公认为是美国最好的钟表制造商之一.该公司在市场营销管理中强调生产优质产品,并通过由著名珠宝商店、大百货公司等构成的市场营销网络分销产品.1958年之前,公司销售额始终呈上升趋势.但此后其销售额和市场占有率开始下降.造成这种状况的主要原因是市场形势发生了变化：这一时期的许多消费者对名贵手表已经不感兴趣,而趋于购买那些经济、方便牏新颖的手表；而且,许多制造商迎合消费者需要,已经开始生产低档产品,并通过廉价商店、超级市场等大众分销渠道积极推销,从而夺得了×××钟表公司的大部分市场份额.×××钟表公司竟没有注意到市场形势的变化,依然迷恋于生产精美的传统样式手表,仍旧借助传统渠道销售,认为自己的产品质量好,顾客必然会找上门.结果,致使企业经营遭受重大挫折.
　　McCarthy (EJMccarthy) (in 1960, also under the micro-marketing definition: Marketing is the responsibility of business activities, products and services will be directly from the producer towards the consumer or user in order to meet customer needs and the achievement of the company profits, but also a process of socio-economic activities with the aim to meet the social or human needs, to achieve social goals. ( "the basis of marketing", paragraph 1, 9). this definition than in the United States, although the definition of marketing association a step forward that meet customer needs and realize the company's operating profit as a goal, but two definitions that marketing activities are production activities in the beginning of the end of the middle after a series of business sales activities, when the commodity to the user the hands of the end, the enterprise marketing activities and therefore is limited to the narrow scope of circulation, rather than operating as a business for sale throughout the entire process, including marketing research, product development, pricing, distribution, advertising, publicity reports, sales promotion, marketing staff, after-sales service and so on.
　　格隆罗斯to the definition and emphasized the purpose of marketing: Marketing is in the interests of a whole, through mutual exchange and commitment to establish, maintain, consolidate and consumers and other participants in the relationship between the parties to achieve the purpose.
　　[Edit this paragraph] 2, the new definition of
　　① Jiang Taiwan through song in the "line of your marketing will not do," stressed the changes in marketing, the use of marketing Marketing of the English made the following definition: "What is marketing?" On the literal, the "marketing" in English is " Marketing ", if the word is split into Marketing of the Market (the market) and ing (English-style method is carried out) This two-part, and that marketing can be used" when the market is now "to express the product, price, promotion, access lead to changes in supply and demand of the delicate relationship between the two sides.
　　② 2004 years 8 months, in Boston. In the AMA (American Marketing Association) summer workshop on teaching marketing, AMA opened a new definition of marketing on the veil in order to update the past 20 years the official AMA definition of marketing. Since then, on the new definition of marketing in the U.S. sector marketing theory, practice sector has generated considerable discussion. The publication of a new definition of marketing is in integrating the theory from the global community and the practice of community contribution to many marketers based on the amendment out.
　　Business School of Renmin University of China Professor Guo Guoqing proposed that the new definition of the complete expressed as:
　　Marketing is an organizational function, but also to organize themselves and the interests of stakeholders and the creation, dissemination, forwarding, customer value, a range of customer relationship management process.
　　To promote re-examine and amend the AMA on the official definition of marketing is one of the major forces from the AMA's CEO Dennis • Alison. On the marketing of the first edition of the official definition in 1935 by the predecessor of AMA - American Marketing Association, used by teachers in 1948, formally adopted by AMA. In 1960, when the first edition of the AMA to re-examine the definition of the decision remained unchanged, not any changes. In this way, on the marketing of the original definition has been used for 50 years until 1985, when the re-amended. The revised definition is also seen on the market today, the most common definition of marketing:
　　Marketing is the planning and execution on the goods, services and innovative concepts, pricing, promotion and distribution in order to create individual and organizational goals in line with the exchange of a process.
　　This definition has been in use ever since, until the summer of 2004 was revised. The new definition is nearly 20 years on the marketing of the first amendment to the definition, no wonder the majority of marketers attracted universal attention. Of course, a matter of concern is also the status of AMA. Thus, by her to make such amendments, naturally give rise to all sides.
　　[Edit this paragraph] 3, marketing theory
　　The development of marketing theory has the following four stages:
　　The first stage: start-up phase. Marketing in the late 19th century to 20 in the United States the world's creation of 20, due to industrial development and marketing at this time by a very narrow scope of the study, but research and commercial advertising network settings. Island in Illinois and other related courses at the universities. By the "Association of American Advertising" to "National Advertising and Marketing Association of Science Teachers", to marketing research to ensure the organization. At this time of marketing research is characterized by: a. focus on marketing and advertising techniques, modern marketing theory, concepts, principles had yet to emerge; b. University research activities are basically confined to the classroom and a professor of the study, and also society and the business community did not receive attention.
　　Phase II: Application stage. During the 20th century to the end of World War II 20 for the application stage, begun to take shape at this time, the United States began large-scale domestic enterprises to use marketing to operate businesses, open overseas markets, European countries have to follow. Established in 1931, "American Marketing Association" Marketing preach, and in 1937 merged the two organizations, academia and the business community to absorb a wide range to join the Marketing from the University of the rostrum to the community. This stage of the development of marketing in the applications. The capitalist world in 1929 due to the outbreak of an unprecedented economic crisis, the economy of the Great Depression, large shrinkage in the purchasing power of a sharp decline in the community, the unprecedented sharp market. The whole capitalist economic crisis dealt a serious blow. This stage, marketing research is characterized by: a. there is no product to sell out of this narrow concept of; b. at a deeper study on the basis of a broader marketing and advertising technique; c. study in favor of selling the business organization set; d. beginning of the study of marketing theory to society, paying attention to the general business community.
　　The third phase: the formation period of development. The 20th century, the 50's to 80's for the marketing stage of development, the U.S. military-industrial economy has begun to shift the public economic, social goods, the sharp increase in social productivity improved significantly, while the corresponding consumption level of residents has not been much improvement, market began to emerge in a state of oversupply. At this point the U.S. marketing expert R. Cox and W. Aderson the "broad sense of Marketing is to promote the potential producers and consumers of goods or services of any transaction activity." This point of view to make the start into the new marketing stage. Previously that the market is the end of the production process, is now considered to be the starting point of the production process; the original that is marketing to sell products, now that marketing through the investigation to understand the needs and desires of consumers, and production in line with consumer needs and desires goods or services, which meet the needs and desires of consumers; so that from the marketing companies to enter the framework of social vision and a clear management guidance.
　　Phase IV: the mature stage. Since the 80's for the marketing of the mature stage, in: a. associated with other disciplines such as economics, mathematics, statistics, psychology, etc.; b. theory began to form their own system; 80 is the age of marketing revolutionary period, begun to enter the field of modern marketing, so marketing the new look.
　　[Edit this paragraph] 4, marketing concept
　　The evolution of the concept of marketing and development, can be summarized into five, namely, the production concept, product concepts, marketing concepts, marketing concepts and the concept of social marketing.
　　(1) the production of the concept of
　　Production concept guiding the conduct of sales of the concept of one of the oldest. This concept stems from the 20th century during the first 20. Business philosophy is not a departure from the consumer demand, but production from the start. The main performance is "what I produce, what to sell." Production concept that, like consumers everywhere who might be able to buy and cheap products, enterprises should aim to upgrade production efficiency and distribution efficiency, expand production, reduce costs to expand the market. For example, Fort Pierce United States flour company, from 1869 to 20 during the 20th century has been the guiding concept of the use of production enterprises, when the company raised the slogan of "The Company seeks to create flour." • U.S. auto magnate Henry Ford, has arrogantly declared: "No matter what the color of the needs of customers cars, I have only a black." Is a typical example. Clearly, the production concept is a re-production, and light commercial marketing philosophy.
　　Production concept is generated by a seller's market conditions. Capitalist industrialization in the early and end of World War II and post-war period, due to shortage of materials, market products in short supply, production in the enterprise management concept was quite popular. China's planned economy under the old system, due to the shortage of market products, businesses do not worry about sales of its products, industrial and commercial enterprises in their operation and management concepts are also pursuing the production of specific performance: focus on the development of industrial enterprises in production, too little marketing, the implementation of a定销production; business enterprises focus on sourcing efforts, what the acquisition of industrial production for what, how much the acquisition of industrial production number, not attention to marketing.
　　In addition to the shortage of materials, products, demand is outstripping supply, some enterprises in the product under conditions of high cost, its management is also affected by marketing products that dominate the concept. For example, Henry Ford • early in this century has been an all-out effort in the mass production of motor vehicles, and strive to reduce costs so that consumers can afford to buy in order to enhance the market share of Ford Motor.
　　(2) product concept
　　It is a business concept earlier. Product concept of the view that most consumers prefer high-quality, multi-functional and have some characteristics of products, enterprises should be dedicated to the production of high-value products, and continue to be improved. Products it produces in short supply in the market of "seller's market" situation. The concept of breed products most likely to occasion is when the company invented a new product. At this point, the enterprises most likely to lead to "marketing myopia", that is improper to focus on products rather than on the needs of the market, in marketing management lack of vision, only to see the quality of their products, and do not see the market demand is changing, with the result that troubled business.
　　For example, the United States × × × watches company was founded in 1869 to 50 during the 20th century, has been recognized as the best American manufacturers of watches. The company's marketing emphasis on the management of the production of quality products, and jewelry by well-known shops, large department stores such as marketing network consisting of product distribution. Before 1958, the company has always been an upward trend in sales. However, since its sales and market share began to decline. The main reason for this state of affairs is the market situation has changed: the period of many consumers have no interest in expensive watches, and those who tend to buy for new plank watches; Moreover, many manufacturers to meet consumer needs , has begun the production of low-grade products, and through discount stores, supermarkets and other distribution channels actively to promote the public, which won the × × × watches most of the company's market share. × × × watches the company has failed to notice the changes in market conditions, is still obsessed with the production of exquisite traditional style watches, still use the traditional sales channels that the quality of their products, customers will certainly find a home. Results, with the result that business suffered a major setback.