伊拉克的英文是什么
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伊拉克的英文是什么
伊拉克的英文是什么
伊拉克的英文是什么
Iraq
n.
伊拉克共和国
-------------------
Iraq Geography Top of Page
Location: 位于亚洲西南部,阿拉伯半岛东北部.
Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait
Geographic coordinates: 33 00 N, 44 00 E
Map references: Middle East
Area: 面积: 44.1839万平方公里(包括924平方公里水域和伊拉克、沙特中立区伊拉克部分3522平方公里).
total: 437,072 sq km
land: 432,162 sq km
water: 4,910 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of Idaho
Land boundaries: total: 3,631 km
border countries: Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 242 km, Saudi Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km
Coastline: 海岸线长60公里.
58 km
Maritime claims: continental shelf: not specified
territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate: 除东北部山区外,属热带沙漠气候.夏季最高气温50℃以上,冬季最低在0℃左右.年均降雨量100~500毫米,北部山区达700毫米.
mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq
Terrain: mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Haji Ibrahim 3,600 m
Natural resources: 【资源】石油、天然气资源丰富,1998年已探明的石油储量达1125亿桶,主要分布在73个地区,现仅开采了15个地区.在全世界石油储量最多的国家中仅次于沙特,居第二位.天然气储量预计约达3.1万亿立方米,占世界总储量的2.4%.磷酸盐储量100亿吨.
petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur
Land use: arable land: 12%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 9%
forests and woodland: 0%
other: 79% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 25,500 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: dust storms, sandstorms, floods
Environment - current issues: government water control projects have drained most of the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Shi'a Muslims, who have inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate supplies of potable water; development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian Turkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and erosion; desertification
Environment - international agreements: party to: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Iraq People Top of Page
Population: 人口: 约2240万(1999年).
23,331,985 (July 2001 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 41.64% (male 4,934,340; female 4,781,206)
15-64 years: 55.28% (male 6,528,854; female 6,368,823)
65 years and over: 3.08% (male 335,953; female 382,809) (2001 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.84% (2001 est.)
Birth rate: 34.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Death rate: 6.21 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 60.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.95 years
male: 65.92 years
female: 68.03 years (2001 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.75 children born/woman (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: less than 0.01% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Nationality: noun: Iraqi(s)
adjective: Iraqi
Ethnic groups: 其中阿拉伯人占73.5%,库尔德人21.6%,其馀为土耳其人、亚美尼亚人、亚述人、犹太人和伊朗人等.
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
Religions: 居民中95%信奉伊斯兰教(什叶派约占54.5%,其馀为逊尼派),少数人信奉基督教(占全国人口3.6%)或犹太教.
Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or other 3%
Languages: 官方语言为阿拉伯语,北部库尔德地区的官方语言是库尔德语,东部地区有些部落讲波斯语.通用英语.
Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
Education:
【教育】实行免费教育.1978年5月颁布全国义务扫盲法,计划1990年扫除文盲.有巴格达、巴士拉、摩苏尔等大学.海湾战争后,伊教育严重滑坡.政府于1997年提高了教师工资以解决由于教育经费不足而导致的师资力量严重匮乏问题.但由于伊人民生活困难,伊适龄儿童和青年(6-23岁)的入学率从1980年的67%下降至1994年的53%.成人识字率为57%(1994年).1993/94年度各级学校情况如下:
学校(所) 学生(万人) 教师(万人)
小学 7966 339.1 12.6
中学 2511 111.5 4.5
职业学校 271 13.7 0.9
高等院校 19 19.7 1.1
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 58%
male: 70.7%
female: 45% (1995 est.)
Iraq Government Top of Page
Country name: 伊拉克共和国
conventional long form: Republic of Iraq
conventional short form: Iraq
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah
local short form: Al Iraq
Politics: 政治: 1968年7月复兴党政变上台,推行阿拉伯“统一、自由、社会主义”的纲领.1979年萨达姆全面接管政权后,利用石油收入加速经济建设,改善人民生活,取得一定成就.1980年伊同伊朗因边界纠纷引发历时8年的两伊战争,1990年因伊吞并科威特引发海湾战争,现仍受联合国制裁.
Government type: 【政府】本届政府于1994年5月29日组成.萨达姆总统兼总理,内阁成员多次调整.现主要成员有:副总统塔哈·亚辛·拉马丹(Taha Yassin Ramadhan),副总统塔哈·毛希丁·马鲁夫(Taha Muhidin Ma’ruuf)副总理塔里克·阿齐兹(Tareq Aziz),副总理兼财政部长希克马特·米兹班·易卜拉欣(Hikmat Mezban Ibrahim),国防部长 苏尔坦·哈希姆·艾哈迈德上将(General Sultan Hashim Ahmed),国务部长艾尔沙德· 穆罕默德·艾哈迈德·齐巴里(Ershad Ahmed Mohammed Al-Zibari),贸易部长穆罕默德·马赫迪·萨利赫(Mohammed Mahdi Saleh),工矿部长阿德南·阿卜杜·马吉德·贾西姆 (Adnan Abdel-Majid Jasim),外交部长穆罕默德·赛义德·卡兹米·萨哈夫 (Mohammed Said Kazem Al-Sahaf),石油部长阿米尔· 穆罕默德·拉希德(Amir Mohammed Rashid),内政部长穆罕默德·扎玛姆·阿卜杜·拉扎克( Mohammed Zimam Abdel Al-Razzaq ),农业部长阿卜杜·伊拉赫·哈密德·穆罕默德·萨利赫(Abdul Ilah Hamid Mohammed Saleh),灌溉部长马哈茂德·扎亚布·艾哈迈德(Mahmoud Diyab Al-Ahmed).
republic
Capital: 首都: 巴格达,人口534.8万(1997年).
Baghdad
Administrative divisions: 【行政区划】全国划分为18个省,省下设县、乡、村.
18 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'mim, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala', Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit
Independence: 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)
National holiday: 重要节日: 7月17日(革命日、国庆节).
Revolution Day, 17 July (1968)
Constitution: 【宪法】1968年9月颁布临时宪法,规定伊拉克是“人民民主国家”,“伊斯兰教为国教”;经济上实行“社会主义公有制”,保护私有制;总统为国家元首,并兼武装部队总司令和革命指挥委员会主席.1970年7月16日,革命指挥委员会按照与库尔德民主党达成的协议修改临时宪法,规定“在科学和革命的基础上建设社会主义制度”.
22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (provisional constitution); new constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted
Legal system: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice Presidents Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF (since 21 April 1974) and Taha Yasin RAMADAN (since 23 March 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister SADDAM Husayn (since 29 May 1994); Deputy Prime Ministers Tariq Mikhail AZIZ (since NA 1979), Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-AZZAWI (since 30 July 1999), Ahmad Husayn al-KHUDAYIR (since NA July 2001), and Abd al-Tawab Mullah al-HUWAYSH (since NA July 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers; note - there is also a Revolutionary Command Council or RCC (Chairman SADDAM Husayn, Vice Chairman Izzat IBRAHIM al-Duri) which controls the ruling Ba'th Party, and is the most powerful political entity in the country
elections: president and vice presidents elected by a two-thirds majority of the Revolutionary Command Council; election last held 17 October 1995 (next to be held NA 2002)
election results: SADDAM Husayn reelected president; percent of vote - 99%; Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF and Taha Yasin RAMADAN elected vice presidents; percent of vote - NA%
Legislative branch: 【革命指挥委员会】简称“革指会”,根据宪法为国家最高权力机构.它有权解散议会,直接颁布法律和作出具有法律效力的决议,决定国家对外宣战和媾和,批准国家预算、决算以及对外签署条约、协定等.革指会主席有权任命副总统、总理、部长和其他高级军政官员.革指会成员由复兴党地区领导成员组成.本届革指会共9名成员,萨达姆总统任主席.
【议会】称国民议会.由250名议员组成,其中30名由总统任命,任期为四年.每年春、秋召开两次会议,遇有特殊情况可召开特别会议.它有权审查由总统和革指会提出的法律草案,讨论通过国家预算、国民经济发展计划、条约与协定等.第五届国民议会于2000年4月产生.萨东·哈马迪(SADO0N HAMMADI)连任为议长.
unicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani (250 seats; 30 appointed by the president to represent the three northern provinces of Dahuk, Arbil, and As Sulaymaniyah; 220 elected by popular vote; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 27 March 2000 (next to be held NA March 2004)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation
Political parties and leaders: 国家元首: 革命指挥委员会主席、共和国总统兼总理萨达姆·侯赛因(Saddam Hussein ).1979年7月就任.1995年10月在全民公决中连任.
【政党】(1) 阿拉伯复兴社会党(The Arab Baath Socialist Party):伊拉克执政党.1947年4月在大马士革成立.1950年前在约旦、伊拉克和黎巴嫩等国建立分支.其宗旨是在阿拉伯世界实现“统一、自由、社会主义”.领导机构分民族领导机构和地区领导机构.民族领导机构为该党总部,设在大马士革;地区领导机构为设在各阿拉伯国家的分支,1963年复兴党人在敍利亚执政.1968年伊拉克复兴党人执政后,在巴格达另立民族领导机构.2000年6月萨达姆总统就任伊拉克复兴党民族领导总书记.
(2)库尔德民主党(The Kurdish Democratic Party):1945年成立,1975年后该党分裂成三派:巴尔扎尼派、塔拉巴尼派、阿克拉维派.
巴尔扎尼派于1975年两伊达成和解协议后,被迫率12万武装人员和家属撤到伊朗境内建立基地.1979年巴尔扎尼死后,由他的两个儿子伊德里斯、马斯乌德继续领导库尔德民主党.海湾战争后,该派同库尔德其它反对派在伊北部地区加强了反政府活动.1991年宣布脱离巴格达中央政府,并控制伊北部地区.1992年4月,该派参加了库尔德反对派与政府就库尔德人自治的谈判.但未取得成果.同年6月,该党与库尔德斯坦爱国联盟举行了库区的议会选举,并于7月5日成立政府.2000年3月,库尔德民主党召开第13次全国代表大会,副总统拉马丹等与会,会议称赞萨达姆总统是捍卫伊领土完整、人民统一和库尔德人民合法民族权利的可靠保证.
塔拉巴尼派于1975年从库尔德民主党中分裂,成立库尔德斯坦爱国联盟.
阿克拉维派主要成员多系库族部落首领和地方有影响人物.参加了“全国民族进步阵线”,主张通过复兴党的领导,“扩大库尔德人在库尔德自治区的民族权利”.总书记艾哈迈德·安卢希.
(3) 库尔德斯坦爱国联盟(The Patriotic Union of kurdistan):1975年11月成立.总部设在大马士革,拥有武装近万人.海湾战争后,该派游击队在北部地区多次同政府军发生武装冲突.尽管塔拉巴尼也参加了同政府就有关库尔德自治问题的谈判,但仍主张通过武装斗争和在国际保障的情况下,争取库尔德人自治.领导人贾拉勒·塔拉巴尼.
(4)伊拉克共产党(The Communist Party of Iraq):1934年成立,1958年参加推翻费萨尔王朝的斗争.1963年伊复兴党执政后,伊共参加复兴党领导的“全国民族进步阵线”.1978年3月,伊共指责复兴党的内外政策.1979年,伊当局将共产党逐出“全国民族进步阵线”.伊共再次转入地下,并在北部地区开展反对现政权的活动.总书记阿齐兹·穆罕默德(Aziz Mohammed).
(5)伊斯兰号召党(The Islamic Call Party):亦译达瓦党.该党前身为50~60年代出现的法蒂玛党,1974年秘密改为“达瓦党”.该党主张推翻复兴党统治,建立伊斯兰什叶派政权.其大部分成员是伊拉克纳杰夫地区什叶派的宗教人士和伊朗侨民,许多成员在国外.该党在伊朗的支持下从事反对伊拉克政府的活动.1991年海湾战争后,该党在伊南部地区发动了大规模什叶派穆斯林的反政府骚乱,后被政府军镇压.党主席穆罕默德·迈赫迪·阿西菲.
全国民族进步阵线(The Progressive National and Patriotic Front):1973年7月成立,是伊拉克复兴社会党的统一战线组织.主要由复兴党、库尔德民主党(阿克拉维派)等党派和一些独立的民族主义分子组成.复兴党一贯强调对该阵线的“绝对领导”.最高委员会主席萨达姆·侯赛因总统.
【重要人物】萨达姆·侯赛因:伊拉克总统、革命指挥委员会主席、复兴社会党伊拉克民族领导机构总书记、武装部队总司令.1937年4月28日生于萨拉丁省提克里特县一个农民家庭,是前总统贝克尔的外甥.1957年加入复兴党.1960年2月入开罗大学.1963年2月复兴党执政后,回国任复兴党伊拉克地区领导机构成员.同年11月阿里夫推翻复兴党政权,萨于1964年10月被捕,两年后越狱.1968年7月复兴党再次执政后,出任革命指挥委员会副主席、复兴党伊拉克地区领导机构副总书记.1976年1月晋升为上将.1977年7月任复兴党民族领导副总书记.1979年7月在前总统贝克尔称病辞职后,萨任复兴党地区领导总书记、革指会主席、共和国总统和武装部队总司令,8月获元帅军衔.1979年10月当选为复兴党民族领导机构副总书记.1991年9月伊复兴社会党召开第10次代表大会,萨当选为该党总书记,1994年5月兼任内阁总理.1995年10月在伊首次全民公决中连任总统.2000年6月任复兴党民族领导总书记.
Ba'th Party [SADDAM Husayn, central party leader]
Political pressure groups and leaders: any formal political activity must be sanctioned by the government; opposition to regime from Kurdish groups and southern Shi'a dissidents
International organization participation: ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, EAPC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in the US: none; note - Iraq has an Interest Section in the Algerian Embassy headed by Akram AL DOURI; address: Iraqi Interests Section, Algerian Embassy, 1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone: [1] (202) 483-7500; FAX: [1] (202) 462-5066
Diplomatic representation from the US: none; note - the US has an Interests Section in the Polish Embassy in Baghdad; address: P. O. Box 2051 Hay Babel, Baghdad; telephone: [964] (1) 718-9267; FAX: [964] (1) 718-9297
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of Syria which has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band
Iraq Economy Top of Page
Economy - overview: 经济: 1990年8月伊拉克入侵科威特后,联合国决定对伊实行严厉的经济制裁,冻结伊在海外的全部资产,世界各国停止了与伊的经贸往来,伊经济遭受重大打击,基本陷于瘫痪状态.1996年12月伊按照联合国第986号决议(即“石油换食品”计划),被允许每半年出口20亿美元石油,用以购买食品和药品等人道主义物资.1998年2月,安理会通过第1153号决议,将伊出口石油份额提高到每半年52亿美元,1999年12月17日,安理会通过的1284号决议中规定取消伊石油出口上限.针对美国坚持维持遏伊政策,2000年11月1日起,伊决定使用欧元结算石油出口.
★国内生产总值(1999年):219亿美元
★国内生产总值增长率(1999年):37.2%
★人均国内生产总值(1999年):976美元
通货膨胀率(1999年):135%
(数据来源:2000年英国经济季评年度报告 ★为估计数)
【财政金融】伊入侵科威特后,联合国实行经济制裁,冻结了伊在国外的资产,伊财政枯竭,伊第纳尔不断贬值(官价不变).截至1998年底,伊欠外债约203.92亿美元.据估计,长达10年的制裁使伊蒙受约1500亿美元的损失.
【对外贸易】外贸主要由国家控制,但也鼓励私人进口.主要出口原油、天然气、椰枣、化肥等,进口各种生产数据、粮食等生活必需品.主要贸易夥伴为埃及、约旦、土耳其、印度、美国、澳大利亚、中国等.近几年外贸额如下(单位:亿美元):
1997★ 1998★ 1999★
出口 56.26 59.01 116.26
进口 45.01 45.09 78.68
(数据来源:2000年英国经济季评年度报告 ★为估计数)
【旅游业】主要旅游点有乌尔城(公元前2060年)遗址、亚述帝国(公元前910年)遗迹和哈特尔城遗址(俗名“太阳城”),位于巴格达西南90公里处的巴比伦是世界著名古城的遗址,盛传的“空中花园”被列为古代世界七大奇迹之一.
Iraq's economy is dominated by the oil sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s, financial problems caused by massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil export facilities by Iran led the government to implement austerity measures, borrow heavily, and later reschedule foreign debt payments; Iraq suffered economic losses of at least $100 billion from the war. After the end of hostilities in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. Iraq's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent international economic sanctions, and damage from military action by an international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically reduced economic activity. Although government policies supporting large military and internal security forces and allocating resources to key supporters of the regime have hurt the economy, implementation of the UN's oil-for-food program in December 1996 has helped improve conditions for the average Iraqi citizen. For the first six, six-month phases of the program, Iraq was allowed to export limited amounts of oil in exchange for food, medicine, and some infrastructure spare parts. In December 1999, the UN Security Council authorized Iraq to export under the program as much oil as required to meet humanitarian needs. Oil exports are now more than three-quarters their prewar level. Per capita food imports have increased significantly, while medical supplies and health care services are steadily improving. Per capita output and living standards are still well below the prewar level, but any estimates have a wide range of error.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $57 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 15% (2000 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,500 (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 6%
industry: 13%
services: 81% (1993 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 100% (2000 est.)
Labor force: 4.4 million (1989)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: 【工业】主要有石油开采、提炼和天然气开采.
伊拉克石油生产和出口在国民经济中始终处于主导地位,为伊支柱产业.伊于1973年实现了石油工业的国有化,组建伊拉克国家石油公司(Iraq National Oil Company, INOC)控制国家的石油资源.两伊战争结束到海湾战争之前,伊拉克平均日产原油350万桶,最高时达450万桶.海湾战争结束后由于石油开采设备被毁,石油日产量跌至30万桶.1996年12月联合国安理会第986号决议实施后,石油生产开始恢复.1999年,伊平均日产石油约260万桶,国内日消费55至60万桶,其馀供出口.主要通过伊-土石油管道和贝克尔港有限出口石油.土计划铺设第3条土伊石油管道,将伊基尔库克向土吉汉港输出石油能力提高到年输油1.3亿吨.2000年11月,伊与敍利亚决定重开两国关闭了18年之久的输油管道.
伊拉克70%的天然气属于石油伴生气,主要产于北部基尔库克油田和南部鲁迈拉油田,1996年,伊拉克生�
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