初中英语所有语法,越简单越好,像Want to do sth,就这样加点中文
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初中英语所有语法,越简单越好,像Want to do sth,就这样加点中文
初中英语所有语法,越简单越好,像Want to do sth,就这样加点中文
初中英语所有语法,越简单越好,像Want to do sth,就这样加点中文
一、一般现在时(The Indefinite Present Tense).
一般现在时表示经常性的或习惯性的动作、特征或状态.常见的一般现在时主要有以下三种句式:
1.肯定句式.一般现在时肯定句式主要由动词原形表示,第三人称单数的谓语动词后要加词尾-s或-es.动词be根据主语不同的人称有不同的形式,第一人称单数中动词be用am,第一人称复数、第二人称单数和复数以及第三人称复数中动词be用are的形式,第三人称单数中动词be用is,动词have在主语是第三人称单数中变为has,其余情况均用原形have.如:
She is a worker.
They are worker.
He has a bike.
We have a bike.
I am the king of the world.
2.疑问句式.一般现在时变为疑问句时,一般在句首加助动词do或does的方式构成,第三人称单数时用does,其余情况都用do,主要动词一概不变,用原形;在以have或has为主要动词的句子中,可以直接将动词have或has提前放于句首,也可以在句首加动词do或does构成,have或has一律用原形have.如:
Do you work?
Does he work?
Has she a cake?
Does she have a cake?
其简略回答形式用“Yes+主语+动词”或“No+主语+动词+not”.如:
Yes, I do.
No, he does not.
Yes, she has
No, she has not.
3.否定句式.一般现在时的否定句式在动词前加do/does not的形式构成.如:
She does not work.
They do not have a cake.
此外,一般现在时的主要动词在第三人称单数时,要在词尾加-s或-es.其规则如下:以ch sh x s 或o结尾的动词加-es,以y结尾的动词要先把y改写成i后,再加-es;其余情况一般直接加-s即可.
二、现在进行时(The PresentContinuous Tense).
现在进行时一般用在表示现在或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作,或即将发生的动作,多指按计划或安排要进行的动作和表示反复出现的习惯性动作(如always总是、 continuously不断地等词).现在进行时一般可以从句中找到时间标志词,如now, these days at the moment等词语,就必须用现在进行时态来表示.其构成形式为主语+be+现在分词+其他.现在进行时态的三种句式简要介绍如下:
1.肯定句式.现在进行时的肯定句式一般由“be+现在分词”构成.同样,be在不同的人称形式下,有不同的表现形式.在主语是第一人称单数中动词be用am,第一人称复数、第二人称单数和复数以及第三人称复数中动词be用are的形式,第三人称单数中动词be用is,如:
They are working on the farm now.
I’m leaving for BeiJing tomorrow.
2.否定句式.现在进行时的否定句式一般由“be+not+现在分词”构成.动词be的用法与在肯定句式情况下是相似的.如:
He is not looking.
3.疑问句式.现在进行时的疑问句式一般把动词be放于句首构成:“be+主语+现在分词+其他?”,动词be在不同人称形式下的用法与在肯定句式情况下是相似.如:
Is he always saying that?
回答时可以用“Yes+主语+动词”或“No+主语+动词+not”.如:
Yes, she is.
No, she is not.
同样,动词的现在分词的构成也是有规律的,一般情况在词尾直接加-ing来表示;在以不发音的e结尾的词,要先把e去掉,再加上-ing,如write的现在分词是writing;在以重读闭音节结尾只有一个辅音字母时,应先双写此辅音字母,再加-ing,如begin的现在分词是beginning.
三、一般将来时(The Future indefinite tense).
一般将来时多用于口语中,常表示要去做的事或可能要发生的事.一般将来时由be going to +动词不定式构成.其用法简单列举如下:
1.肯定句式.一般将来时的肯定句式由“be going to +动词不定式”构成.be在不同的人称形式下,其形式也是不同的:主语是第一人称单数用am、第二人称单数用are,第三人称单数用is,其余情况下均用are.如:
We are going to visit guiyang.
2.否定句式.一般将来时的否定句式由“be not going to +动词不定式”构成.be在不同的人称形式下,变化与在肯定句式下相似.如:
We are not going to stay with him.
3.疑问句式.一般将来时的疑问句式把be放于句首:“be+主语+ going to+其他?”构成,be在不同的人称形式下,变化与在肯定句式下相似.如:
Is he going to talk with her teacher?
其回答形式为“Yes+主语+动词”或“No+主语+动词+not”.如:
Yes, he is.
No, he is not.
此外,动词不定式是无规则可循的,需要在学习中多积累才能正确牢记和运用.
四、一般过去时(The past Indefinite tense).
一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或情况.一般过去时用动词过去式表示.动词过去式按其构成形式有规则和不规则变化两种情况.规则动词的过去式一般直接在词尾加-ed,即:动词原形+ ed;无规则变化的需要边学边记.其用法简单列举如下:
1.肯定句式.一般过去时的肯定句式由“主语+动词过去式+其他”构成.Be作为主要动词应用时,在主语是第一人称单数和第三人称单数的情况下,用过去式was;其余人称情况下,用过去式were.如:
She worked here .
She was here .
2.否定句式.一般过去时的否定句式由:“主语+动词过去式+ not+其他”构成.be在不同的人称形式下,变化与在肯定句式下相似.如:
I did not work here .
We were not here.
3.疑问句式.一般过去时的疑问句式把动词be放在句首或在句首加助动词did构成.be在不同的人称形式下,变化与在肯定句式下相似.如:
Did you work here?
Was he here?
其简略回答形式用“Yes+主语+动词”或“No+主语+动词+not”.如:
Yes, I did .
No, I did not.
五、过去进行时(The past Continuous tense).
过去进行时态表示的是过去某个时间正在进行或发生的动作.其构成形式为:“主语+was/were+现在分词”构成.一般情况下,过去进行时态有一些提示性词语,如at this time yesterday , at that time,或由when引导的时间状语从句.过去进行时态用法简单列举如下:
1.肯定句式.过去进行时态的肯定句式一般体现为:“主语+was/were+现在分词+其他”构成.其中凡是在主语是单数人称情况下一律用was,复数人称情况下用were.如:
I was working.
We were working.
2. 否定句式.过去进行时态的否定句式构成形式为“主语+was/were+ not+现在分词+其他”构成.was/were的用法与肯定句式的用法相似.如:
I was not working.
We were not working.
3.疑问句式.过去进行时态的疑问句式只需把was/were提前放在句首即可.其构成形式为“was/were+主语+ not+现在分词+其他?”构成.如;
Was she working?
Were they working?
其简略回答形式用“Yes+主语+动词”或“No+主语+动词+not”.如:
Yes, she was .
No, she was not.
其中,过去进行时态的现在分词构成规则与现在进行时态的过去分词是相同的.
六、现在完成时(The Present Perfect tense).
现在完成时表示一个过去发生而对现在情况有影响的动作和从过去某时继续到现在的动作或状态.其构成形式为“主语+have(has)+过去分词+其他”.现在完成时用法简单列举如下:
1. 肯定句式.现在完成时的肯定句式一般表现为“主语+ have(has)+过去分词+其他”.have(has)的用法为,在主语是第三人称单数的情况下,用has;其余情况用have.如:
He has been to Japan before.
We have written it.
2. 否定句式.现在完成时的否定句式由“主语+ have(has)+ not+过去分词+其他”构成.其中have(has)的用法与肯定句式下的用法相似.如:
They have not written it.
He has not written it.
3.疑问句式.现在完成时的疑问句式只需把助动词have(has)提前放在句首即可.句式为“Have(has)+主语+过去分词+其他?”构成.其中have(has)的用法与肯定句式下的用法相似.如:
Has she written it?
Have you written it?
其简略回答形式用“Yes+主语+动词”或“No+主语+动词+not”.如:
Yes, she has .
No, she has not.
此外,现在完成时的过去分词与它的过式相同,不规则的动词的过去分词需要在日常学习中边学边记.值得强调的是,现在完成时与过去式是有既区别又有联系的.一般情况下,当有一个表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,用already, yet, just as yet, ever, never等这类副词作状语,或一件已经发生的事,不考虑它是什么时候发生的,而主要考虑对现在的影响时,多用现在完成时.
七、一般过去将来时(The Simple past future tense).
一般过去将来时往往表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态和过去习惯性的动作,说明在什么情况下往往如此.一般过去将来时句式由should或would+动词原形构成.总体来说,一般过去将来时主要有以下两种用法:
1.在表示过去某时看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态.其构成形式为“should或would+动词原形”.一般情况下should或would的用法是在主语是第一人称的句式下,常用should;其他人称的情况下常用would.如:
My teacher said there would be an English exam tomorrow.
2. 一般过去将来时在表示习惯性的动作时,其句式为“should或would+动词原形+其他”构成.无论在什么人称情况下,都用would而不用should.如:
Every evening he would talk with his neighbour.
八、过去完成时(The past perfect tense).
过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是过去的过去,只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用得到它.即过去某时前已发生的动作或存在的情况.过去完成时一般由“had+过去分词”构成.过去完成时在英语学习中应用相对较少,一般不常用.其句型略举如下:
My mother had gone to work when I got up.
九、现在完成进行时(The present perfect Continuous tense).
现在完成进行时一般表示动作从过去某一时间可是一直延续到现在,现在这个动作可能刚刚终止,也可能仍然在进行着.现在完成进行时用法简单列举如下:
1. 肯定句式.现在完成进行时的肯定句式由“主语+have(has) been +现在分词+其他”构成.其中,主语是第三人称单数时用has;其余情况一律用have.如:
She has been working.
We haven been working.
2. 否定句式.现在完成进行时的否定句式由“主语+have(has)+ not +been +现在分词+其他”构成.其中have(has)的用法与肯定句式下的用法相似.如:
She has no been working.
We haven not been working.
3.疑问句式.现在完成进行时的疑问句式只需把助动词have(has)提前放在句首即可.句式为“Have(has)+主语+ been +现在分词+其他?”构成.其中have(has)的用法与肯定句式下的用法相似.如:
Have you been working ?
Has he been working ?
其简略回答形式用“Yes+主语+动词”或“No+主语+动词+not”.如:
Yes, he has .
No, he has not.
此外,有些不能用在现在完成进行时态的动词,如like, love, know, seen, hear等,这类动词只能用在现在完成时的情况下.
十、将来进行时(The future continuous tense).
将来进行时一般表示某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作,或即将或按计划将要发生的动作.将来进行时一般用法简单列举如下:
1. 肯定句式.将来进行时的肯定句式由“主语+shall(will) be +现在分词+其他”构成.其中shall一般常用在主语是第一人称的句子中;will用在第二人称和第三人称的句子中.如:
We shall be doing .
She will be doing.
2. 否定句式.将来进行时的否定句式由“主语+ shall(will)+ not+ be +现在分词+其他”构成.shall(will) 的用法与肯定句式下的用法相似.如:
I shall not be doing.
You will not be doing.
You can take our lives, but you’ll never take.
3.疑问句式.将来进行时的疑问句式只需把shall(will)放在主语前,也可以加上疑问代词构成.其中shall(will)的用法与肯定句式下的用法相似.如:
What will you be doing at eight tomorrw morning?
值得注意的是,在回答将来进行时的疑问句时,必须根据句子的实际问题作出稍微详细的回答.
十一、将来完成时(The future perfect tense).
将来完成时主要表示将来某个时间会发生的事情.将来完成时一般由“主语+ shall(will)+ have+过去分词+其他”构成.在主语是第三人称时用will;而其余情况用shall.如:
I shall have finished this paper by supper.
They will have arrived home by now.
十二、将来完成进行时(The future perfect continuous tense).
将来完成进行时表示将来某时前一直进行的动作.将来完成进行时的主要句型由“主语+ shall(will)+ have+ been+现在分词+其他”构成.其中shall(will)的用法是:在主语为第三人称时用will,其余情况用shall.如:
In another month’s time, he will have been studying here for two years.
十三、过去将来时(The past future tense).
过去将来时包括一般过去将来时、过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时、过去将来完成时和过去将来完成进行时.简要介绍如下:
1. 一般过去将来时(The past future in definite tense).
一般过去将来时主要表示从过去某时看将来要发生的事情.其句型构成由“should/would+动词原形”构成.在主语是第一人称时用should;其他情况下用would.如:
I thought you would agree with me.
2. 过去将来进行时(The past future Continuous tense).
过去将来进行时主要表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作或预计要发生的动作.由“should/would+be+动词现在分词”构成.如:
I thought you would be sleeping.
3. 过去将来完成时(The past future perfect tense).
过去将来完成时主要表示从过去某时看将来某时会业已完成的动作.由“should/would+ have +动词过去分词”构成.如:
I thought she would have told you about it.
4. 过去将来完成进行时(The past future perfect continuous tense).
过去将来完成进行时表示从过去某时看至未来某时以前会一直在进行的动作.由“should/would+ have been +动词现在分词”构成.如:
He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.
必须强调的是,过去将来时、过去将来完成时和过去将来完成进行时中should/would的用法与在一般过去将来时的用法是相似的,即主语是第一人称时用should;其他人称的情况下用would.
初中的语法就8个时态加上一个被动语态的问题,你说的那个不属于语法的范畴,只能算是个固定用法
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
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11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
返回动词的时态目录
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
返回动词的时态目录
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
返回动词的时态目录
11.4 一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
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11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
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11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
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11.7 一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
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11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
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11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。
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11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
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11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
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11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
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11.13 since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。
2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。
3) since +从句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
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11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
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11.15 过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
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11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
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11.17 将来完成时
1) 构成will have done
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。
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11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法:
a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在