马的习性 英语版不用太长的 哥哥姐姐帮帮忙

马的习性 英语版不用太长的 哥哥姐姐帮帮忙
马的习性 英语版
不用太长的 哥哥姐姐帮帮忙

马的习性 英语版不用太长的 哥哥姐姐帮帮忙
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horse
Horse behavior
Main article:Horse behavior
Horses are prey animals with a well-developed Fight-or-flight instinct.Their first response to threat is to flee,although they are known to stand their ground and defend themselves or their offspring in cases where flight is not possible,such as when a foal would be threatened.Through selective breeding,some breeds of horses have been bred to be quite docile,particularly certain large draft horses.However,most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed,agility,alertness and endurance; natural qualities that extend from their wild ancestors.
Horses are herd animals,and become very attached to their species and to humans.They communicate in various ways,such as nickering,grooming,and body language.Some horses will become flighty,and hard to manage if they are away from their herd.This is called being "herd-bound."
The horse (Equus caballus,sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse,Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal,one of ten modern species of the genus Equus.Horses have long been one of the most economically important domesticated animals,and have played an important role in the transport of people and cargo for thousands of years.While isolated domestication may have occurred as early as 10,000 years ago,clear evidence of widespread horse use by humans dates to around 2000 BC.Since they were domesticated,selective breeding has resulted in many breeds.Some have been bred so that they can be ridden,usually with a saddle,while other breeds can be harnessed to pull objects like carriages or plows.In some cultures,horses are a source of food,including horse meat and sometimes milk; in other cultures it is taboo to eat them.Today,in wealthy countries,horses are predominantly kept for leisure and sporting pursuits,while they are still used as working animals in many other parts of the world.
Biology of the horse
See also:Horse reproduction
Depending on breed,management,and environment,the domestic horse today has an average life expectancy of 25 to 30 years.A rare few domestic horses can live into their 40s,and,occasionally,beyond.The oldest verifiable record was "Old Billy," a horse that lived in the 19th century,believed to have lived to the age of 62.
Pregnancy lasts for 11 months and usually results in one foal (male:colt,female:filly).Twins are rare.Horses,particularly colts,may sometimes be physically capable of reproduction at approximately 18 months but in practice are rarely allowed to breed until a minimum age of 3 years,especially females.Horses four years old are considered mature,though the age of achieving full growth also varies by breed and by individual genetics.Females 4 years and over are called mares and males are stallions.A castrated male is a gelding.
Depending on maturity,breed and the tasks expected,young horses are usually put under saddle and trained to be ridden between the ages of two and four,with three years being the most common practice.Although Thoroughbred and American Quarter Horse race horses are put on the track at as young as two years old in some countries (notably the United States),horses specifically bred for sports such as show jumping are generally not entered into top-level competition until the age of five or six because their bones and muscles are not properly developed,nor is their training complete.In the strenuous sport of endurance riding,horses are not allowed to compete until they are a full 60 months (five years) old.In some cases,such as the training of Andalusians or Lipizzans in classical dressage,training under saddle begins as late as four years and the horses are not considered ready for public performance until the age of nine or ten.
The size of horses varies by breed.The cutoff in height between what is considered a horse and a pony is always 14.2 or smaller hands (58 inches,145 cm),though some smaller horse breeds are considered "horses" regardless of height.Light horses such as Arabians,Morgans,Quarter Horses,Paints and Thoroughbreds usually range in height from 14.0 to 17.0 hands and can weigh up to 1300 lb (about 600 kg).Heavy or draft horses such as the Clydesdale,Belgian,Percheron,and Shire are usually at least 16.0 to 18.0 hands high and can weigh up to 2000 lb (about 900 kg).Ponies are no taller than 14.2 hands,but can be much smaller,down to the Falabella or Shetland,which can be the size of a large dog.The miniature horse is as small as or smaller than either of the aforementioned ponies but are considered to be very small horses rather than ponies despite their size.The difference between a horse and pony is not just a height difference.They have different temperaments,different conformation,and ponies often exhibit thicker manes,tails and overall hair coat.