什么是名词化了的动词

什么是名词化了的动词
什么是名词化了的动词

什么是名词化了的动词
浅谈名词动词化的语用
英语词汇词性的相互转换由来已久,而且随着语言的发展,词性转换更加丰富多彩, 日趋广泛.它的语用效果更是无以伦比,特别是名词动词化的使用,如同一道亮丽的风景线无不使读者惊叹不已. 在日常的阅读中,只要我们稍加注意,就可以发现英语中名词动词化的使用简直到了“无处不在”的地步.名词动词化的主要特点是：动词化后的名词仍突出其名词的特殊含义及功能,在语义上虽被赋予动词词性,但与原名词之间仍有非常紧密的联系.因此,名词动词化后,常常用来表示具有该名词活动特点、性质特性的动作,使读者能更迅速、更透彻地理解它所代表的特征和内涵,也使语言表达既精练生动,又不乏幽默感. 名词动词化主要集中在以下几种名词上：
一、动物名称 动物名称动词化后其含义和动物本身最显著的行为特点、性格、形象等仍保持一定的联系.具有“像……一样行动”的意义,既形象生动,又活泼有趣,而且易于理解.如： They hounded the wolf into the forest. 他们把狼追进森林. The policemen dogged his steps. 警察跟踪了他. He ducked his head and went past. 他低下头走了过去. Don’t parrot textbooks. 不要死背课本. Our cat mouses well. 我家猫很会捉耗子. The road snakes through the mountain. 那条路斗折蛇行穿过群山. He fished the map from the back of the drawer. 他从抽屉后面找出地图. Do you think that you can fox me? 你以为你可以欺骗我吗? I really pigged out during Thanksgiving. I may never recover. 感恩节我确实吃伤了肚子,也许再也恢复不过来了. He hared off the moment I shouted “stop!”. 我一喊“站住!”,他就飞快地逃跑. Stop monkeying with these tools! 不要乱动那些工具! They had to worm their way through the narrow tunnel. 他们得钻过狭窄的隧道. He wolfed down his lunch. 他狼吞虎咽地吃了午饭.
二、工具、用具及物质等名词 这类名词动词化后具有普及、流行、直观等特点,用之使语义更形象具体、一目了然. 如: I usually bus to work in the morning. 我早上通常乘公共汽车上班. I asked him to pocket the money. 我让他把钱装进袋里. She penciled his words in the notebook. 她用铅笔把他的话记在笔记本上. He often goes to hook a fish on Sundays. 他星期天常去钓鱼. The wounded were bedded in the farmhouse. 把伤员安置在农家住宿. Cavorting and diving at breathtaking speeds, the beautiful birds(指鹰) mirrored each other in flight. 在空中翻飞嬉戏,又作闪电式俯冲,矫健的鹰双双比翼齐飞,形影相随. I was sandwiched between two very fat men on the bus. 我在公共汽车上被夹在两个大胖子之间. Smog blankets the city. 烟雾笼罩着城市. Xiao Wang was chosen to chair the meeting. 大家选小王当会议主席. She dusts her office every day. 她每天打扫办公室. She cupped her hands round her mouth and shouted. 她窝起两只手掌围着嘴喊. She opened the window to air the room. 她打开窗子使房间通风. In the past few decades foreign goods flooded the markets of the developing countries. 过去的几十年中洋货充斥着发展中国家的市场. The hard life has salted his hair. 艰难的岁月已使他满头白发. Liaoning Province is watered by many rivers. 许多河流流经辽宁省. The dog treed the cat. 狗把猫撵上树.
三、人体部位名词 这部分名词动词化主要用来表示“用……” 进行动作或活动,语言更简明,更生动.如: She has thumbed through the new dictionary. 她已翻遍了这本新词典. The dog nosed the door open. 狗用鼻子把门拱开. She tiptoed across to the bed where the child lay asleep. 孩子睡着了,她踮着脚走到他的床前. He eyed me with suspicion. 他用怀疑的眼光看我. He crept into the corner, mouthing curses. 他悄悄地移到角落,嘴里喃喃地诅咒着. Let’s leg it along. 我们快些走. They missed the last bus, and had to foot it. 他们误了最后一班车,不得不走着去了. Who headed the department? 谁主管这个部门?
四、表示某一身份、职业或特征的名词 这类名词动词化后其含义为“像……一样行动,（使）成为……”.如： She has mothered the boy for ten years. 她像母亲一样照顾了这个男孩10年. Mr. Smith authored a book on modern philosophy. 史密斯先生写了一本关于现代哲学的书. Don’t brother me. 不要对我称兄道弟. She kept on sirring him. 她不停地称呼他 “先生”. She nurses her aged mother. 她照顾年迈的母亲. Shakespeare dwarfs other dramatists. 莎士比亚使其他的剧作家相形见绌. 五、时间、处所名词 这部分名词动词化能使句子更加简洁明 了.如： We summered at the seaside(in the mountains) 我们在海边(山中)避暑. The birds winter in the south. 这些鸟在南方越冬. They always weekend at home. 他们总是在家过周末. He noons for half an hour every day. 他每天午睡半小时. They roomed together for a whole year. 他们一起住了整一年. They cornered the thief and caught him. 他们把小偷逼到了墙角,并抓住了他. 由此可见,名词动词化不仅能表示明确的、具体的行为动作,而且还融合了原名词所包含的基本语义,因而在内涵及表现力上比普通动词要丰富、生动,但因其语义受制于原名词,且常常只含原名词的某一语义或某一部分语义,而不能覆盖原名词的全部外延,所以与普通动词相比,它的表意范围相对要狭窄得多.因此,我们在使用动词化的名词时,一定要注意转化动词与原名词的语义联系是否符合人们对原名词表现的事物或概念与转化动词表现的特色行为动作之间的认同习惯；是否符合人们通常的联想习惯和思维习惯；是否具有一定的普遍性.