伴随状语有哪些语态,非谓语动词有哪些句型?
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伴随状语有哪些语态,非谓语动词有哪些句型?
伴随状语有哪些语态,非谓语动词有哪些句型?
伴随状语有哪些语态,非谓语动词有哪些句型?
语态这个概念是针对动词而言的,不是针对成分来说的,英语的语态就只有两种:主动与被动.如果你的伴随状语的动作与主语是主谓关系(即该动作是主语发出的),就用现在分词,表示主动意义.如果你的伴随状语的动作与主语是动宾关系(即主语是该动作的承受者),就用过去分词,表示被动意义.非谓语动词有四种:不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词,其中动名词和现在分词在外形上是一样的,即人们常说的动词ing形式.非谓语动词除了不能做谓语,其他的成分都可以做,你想要深刻理解这四种非谓语必须对他们的语法作用(即它们在句子中充当什么成分)有准确的把握,并且能明白非谓语所体现的动作与主语是什么关系(主动或被动),在把握这两点的基础上,非谓语动词千变万化在你眼里也会是小菜一碟、完完全全看透了!
非谓语动词句型有以下几种:
1.动词不定式 to + V 一般用来表示目的或结果,或者某个具体的动作。
2.动名词 V-ing 一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。
3.过去分词V-ed 一般用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。
(一)动词不定式的考点
考点一:直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词
这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等...
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非谓语动词句型有以下几种:
1.动词不定式 to + V 一般用来表示目的或结果,或者某个具体的动作。
2.动名词 V-ing 一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。
3.过去分词V-ed 一般用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。
(一)动词不定式的考点
考点一:直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词
这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等
afford, agree, aak, attempt, beg, begin, bother, care, choose, claim, consent, decide, demand, desire, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, hate, help, hesitate, hinder, intend, learn, manage, neglect, offer, plan, pledge, prefer, prepare, pretend, refuse, resolve, start, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, want
考点二:在下列情况下常用不带(或省略)to的动词不定式:
1. 感官动词后面:feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive
2. 表示使役意义的动词,如:have, let, make
3. 一些情态动词后面:had better, would rather…than…,would sooner…than…,rather than, may well do,may as well do (还是…好了),can not but…,can not help but…
4. 在do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do 句型中
I can do nothing but follow your advice.
5. 由 all, what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时,而且从句中含有do时,其表语如果是动词不定式,则往往省去to。
What I have to do is take a rest.
6. 由并列连词and,except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时,第二个动词不定式不带to。
She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.
To try and fail is better than not to try at all.
注:如果两个不定式表示对照或对比,则不能省略to。
考点三:有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词 + 动词不定式”作宾语,如:consider, discover, discuss, explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonder等。
I wonder who to invite.
(二)动名词的考点
考点一:直接接动名词做宾语的动词和词组
admit, avoid, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, dislike, dread, encourage, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, feel like, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, involve, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practise, prevent, propose, recall, recollect, resent, resist, risk, stop, give up, can’t help, can’t stand, suggest
注:上述动词中 allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend 在有人作宾语时,则后接不定式作宾语补足语。如:allow somebody to do something
考点二:下列短语中to 为介词,后面只能接动名词或名词。
keep to
apply to
indifference to
look forward to
with an eye to
amount to
commit…to
be familiar to
stand up to
with regard to
take to
owe…to
be faithful to
put one’s mind to
with a view to
turn to
resign… to
be superior to
get down to
be opposed to
succeed to
attribute …to
be sensitive to
live up to
in relation to
admit to
dedicate …to
be devoted to
owing to
aid to
point to
limit to
be committed to
thanks to
object to
考点三:在demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth 等词后面接动名词表示被动的意思,即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式,必须用不定式的被动形式。
This grammatical rule deserves mentioning.
That novel is well worth reading.
考点四:在下列it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中,用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。
It is no use(no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time)+ doing sth.
It is good (nice, interesting, useless) + doing sth.;
There is no point (use, sense, good) + doing sth.
考点五:在“have difficulty (trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time) (in) doing sth.” 结构中, 后接动名词;注 take the trouble to do sth. , have no time to do sth. 后接不定式。
考点六:下列动词既可接不定式,也可接动名词,但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生;而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。例如:
remember to do sth. 记得将要去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得已经做过某事
考点七:下列动词既可接不定式,也可接动名词,所表达的意义无太大的差别。考试中一般很少涉及到, 这些动词有:begin, continue, commence, discontinue, attempt, intend, plan, decline, dislike, fear, hate, like, love, neglect, omit, can’t bear (stand, endure), prefer
(三)非谓语动词的其他考点
一:独立主格结构
分词的独立结构可放在句首或句尾,常常在句中作状语,可以表示时间、原因、条件,方式或伴随情况。分词短语作状语时,它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语(一般为名词),它便是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语有着逻辑上的主谓关系,常常用逗号与主句隔开。如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系,就用现在分词;如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。至于分词的时态则要看它与句子的谓语动词的关系,如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,则用完成式,即 having done 或 having been done。其他情况下,通常用分词的一般式。分词的独立结构前也可以有with, without或there。with本身没有词义,there实际上是引导词,being后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。
Weather permitting, we’ll be going fishing tomorrow.
The students having finished reading the text, the teacher went on to ask them some questions.
All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.
二:非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构
to be done 不定式的被动态表示将来的动作
being done 用来表示动作的正在(被)进行或者表示原因、条件等
done (having been done) 表示动作的被动关系或过去完成状态
三:分词短语的固定表达方式,通常作句子状语,一般不受句子主语的限制。如:
according to …(根据), judging from…(从……判断), talking of …(谈到),owing to …(由于), taking everything into consideration …(全盘考虑), allowing for…(考虑到…), leaving … on one side …(抛开……不谈), generally speaking (总的说来), frankly speaking (坦率地说), roughly speaking (粗略地说), honestly speaking (老实说), strictly speaking (严格地说), theoretically speaking (从理论上说)
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