如何区分定语从句,同位语从句,强调句式

如何区分定语从句,同位语从句,强调句式
如何区分定语从句,同位语从句,强调句式

如何区分定语从句,同位语从句,强调句式
一、定语从句与并列句式结构用法比较
在两个分句中,如果后一分句的主语指代前一分句中某一名词或整个句子的内容,且没有并列连词连接两个分句.这时,后一分句常用关系代词who(指人),which(指物),whose(指人或物)引导非限制性定语从句；如果两个分句间有and等并列连词连接,这时,后一分句常用人称代词或it, that代指前一分句中的某一名词或整个句子的内容,构成并列句式结构.
【例1】 (1) Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which, of course, made the others unhappy. (NMET2000)
(2) Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, and it (that), of course, made the others unhappy.
比较：(1)两个分句间没有并列连词,后一分句的主语指代前一分句整个句子的内容(指物),故要用关系代词which连接后一分句,构成非限制性定语从句.
(2)两个分句间有并列连词and连接,后一分句的主语指代前一分句整个句子的内容,故要用代词it 或that连接后一分句,构成并列句式结构.
【例2】 (1) I have heard from my father, who is in America.
(2) I have heard from my father, and he is in America.
比较：(1)两个分句间没有并列连词,后一分句的主语指代前一分句中名词my father(指人),故要用关系代词who连接后一分句,构成非限制性定语从句.
(2)两个分句间有并列连词and连接,后一分句的主语指代前一分句中名词my father,故要用人称代词he连接后一分句,构成并列句式结构.
【例3】 (1) Soon they came to a farmhouse, whose roof was much higher than others.
(2) Soon they came to a farmhouse, and its roof was much higher than others.
比较：(1)两个分句间没有并列连词,前一分句中名词farmhouse作后一分句中主语的定语(为所属关系),故要用关系代词whose连接后一分句,构成非限制性定语从句.
(2)两个分句间有并列连词and连接,前一分句中名词farmhouse作后一分句中主语的定语(为所属关系),故要用代词it连接后一分句,构成并列句式结构.
二、定语从句与分词结构用法比较
在同一个句子结构中,如果含有两个谓语动词,一般来说,置于中心名词后作修饰语的动词或动词短语常用分词作后置定语,也可转换成相应的定语从句.如果中心名词为动作的执行者,常用现在分词作后置定语.这时,现在分词可转换成一般现在(过去)时或现在(过去)进行时的定语从句结构.如果中心名词为动作的被执行者,常用过去分词作后置定语.这时,过去分词可转换成被动语态的一般过去时或进行时的定语从句结构.
【例1】 (1) There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light. (NMET97)
(2) There was a terrible noise that followed the sudden burst of light
比较：(1)从句子结构分析,动词follow作中心名词a terrible noise 的后置定语,但句中没有关系代词连接,且中心名词a terrible noise为动词follow动作的执行者,故要选用动词的分词形式following作后置定语.
(2)从句子结构分析,动词follow作中心名词a terrible noise 的后置定语,但由于句中有关系代词that连接,且中心名词a terrible noise为动词follow动作的执行者,故要选用动词的过去式形式followed与that一起构成定语从句结构.
【例2】 (1) The Olympic Games, first played in 776 B.C., didn't include women players until 1912. (NMET 1997)
(2) The Olympic Games, which was first played in 776 B.C., didn't include women players until 1912.
比较：(1)分析句子结构可知,插入语first played in 776 B.C. 作中心名词the Olympic Games的定语,但句中没有关系代词连接,同时中心名词the Olympic Games为动词play动作的被执行者且发生在过去某一时刻,故要选用动词的过去分词形式played作后置定语.
(2)分析句子结构可知,插入语first played in 776 B.C. 作中心名词the Olympic Games的定语,但句中有关系代词which连接,同时中心名词the Olympic Games为动词play动作的被执行者且发生在过去某一时刻,故要用动词的被动语态结构和关系代词which一起构成非限制性定语从句作后置定语.
三、 定语从句与强调句句式结构用法比较
由it引导的句型结构,常可构成强调句或定语从句,两者极易混淆.一般来说,如果将it is/was...与连接词去掉,句子仍然正确,就为强调句型.这时,就选用that连接词；否则,就为定语从句,其关系词的选择,应根据先行词与从句的关系而定.
例1. (1) It is on the island that they spent 10 years.
(2) It is the island where (on which) they spent 10 years.
比较：(1)该句为强调句.表示地点的名词the island前有介词与其连用,说明它是一个完整的地点状语.如果将it is去掉：They spent 10 years on the island.它的意义仍然完整.故应选用连接词that构成强调句式 (注：强调地点状语时,不可用where连接).
(2)该句为定语从句.表示地点的名词the island前没有介词与其连用,说明它不是一个完整的地点状语.如果将it is去掉：They spent 10 years the island.它的意义不完整.故应选用关系副词where或on which 构成定语从句结构.
例2. (1) It is on the date that she went abroad.
(2) It is the date when(on which) she went abroad.
比较：(1)分析句子结构可知,在表示时间的名词the date 前有介词与其连用,说明它是一个完整的时间状语.如果将it is去掉：She went abroad on the date.它的意义仍然完整.故应选用连接词that构成强调句式(强调时间状语时,不可用when连接).
(2) 分析句子结构可知,在表示时间的名词the date 前没有介词与其连用,说明它不是一个完整的时间状语.如果将it is去掉：She went abroad the date.它的意义不完整.故应选用关系副词when或on which 构成定语从句结构.
四、定语从句与名词性从句句式结构用法比较
定语从句常易与主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句等名词性从句相混淆.判断的方法是：由关系代词或副词引起的句子直接充当句中某一成分,即为名词性从句；如果这个句子修饰前面的一个名词即先行词或指代整个句子的内容,即为定语从句.
例1. (1) As is known to everyone , the moon travels round the earth once every month. (NMET2001)
(2) It is known to everyone that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
比较：(1)两个句子之间没有连接词,而是由逗号分隔.根据前一分句意义"正如大家所知道的(众所周知)"分析,该句应用关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句,指代主句整个句子内容.
(2)两个句子之间有连接词that连接.根据句意分析,that所引起的从句为主语从句,故该句应选用it作形式主语置于句首,引导主语从句.
例2. (1)Shenzhen is no longer what it used to be.
(2) Shenzhen is no longer the place that it used to be.
比较：(1)句中没有充当表语的名词,故应选用代词what(……样子)引起一个表语从句.
(2)句中表语名词the place 被it used to be所修饰,且充当其句中表语.故应选用关系代词that指代先行词the place引起一个定语从句.
例3. (1) Please tell me the reason why he didn't attend the meeting.
(2) Please tell me why he didn't attend the meeting.
比较：(1)句中充当宾语的名词the reason被he didn't attend the meeting所修饰,且充当句中的原因状语.故应选用关系副词why指代先行词the reason连接定语从句.
(2)句中没有充当直接宾语的名词,而是由一个句子充当宾语.根据句意,应选用疑问副词why连接宾语从句.
例4. (1) The fact puzzles me much that I have been unable to pass the driving test up to now.
(2) Do you understand the easier fact that (which) he explained to you just now?
比较：(1)根据句意分析,从句I have been unable to pass the driving test up to now 是来解释说明句中主语 the fact,是同位关系,且the fact不充当句中任何成分.故应选用连接词that连接同位语从句.
(2)分析句子结构可知,句中名词the easier fact在后一从句中充当宾语.故应选用关系代词that(which) 指代先行词the easier fact 连接定语从句.
五、定语从句与状语从句句式结构用法比较
定语从句常极易混淆于结果状语或地点状语等从句.一般来说,如果连接从句的连接词在从句中指代先行词充当某一成分,即为定语从句.反之,仅起连接作用,即为状语从句.
例1. (1) Would you please put the book back in the place where it should be?
(2) Would you please put the book back where it should be?
比较：(1)句中连接词where指代表示地点的先行词in the place,在从句中充当地点状语.故where 为关系副词,引导定语从句,也可用in which替代.
(2)根据句意分析,该句应选用表示地点的副词where连接从句.分析句子结构,句中无先行词被从句修饰,故副词where引导的从句仅为地点状语从句.这时,不可用in which替代.
例2. (1) It is such a modern machine that few of the workers know how to operate it.
(2) It is such a modern machine as few of the workers know how to operate.
比较：(1)分析句意可知,连接词that在句中不充当句子任何成分,仅起连接作用.意为"如此……以致……".故该句为结果状语从句.
(2)句中连接词,在从句中充当句子成分,作宾语,指代先行词a modern machine.根据句子结构"such...",应选用关系代词as 连接定语从句.

定语从句是名词后面的句子，且先行词在后面的句子中能做一个成分。同位语从句则不能。强调句是it is（was）+被强调的部分+that、who、whom引导的从句。去掉it is和关系词后仍能组成完整句子的是强调句

同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick。后面句子完整
而定从的句子缺成分。
强调句去掉it is that后完...

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同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick。后面句子完整
而定从的句子缺成分。
强调句去掉it is that后完整 不完整就是定从。
i

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定语从句和同位语从句的区别
1.定语从句对名词起修饰,限定作用,属形容词性质; 而同位语从句则是补充说明名词的具体内容, 属名词性质.
2.引导定语从句的that为关系代词, 在句中担任主语,宾语或表语, 作宾语时常省略, 有时可用which代替; 而引导同位语从句的that是连词, 无词义, 不担任句子成份, 不可省略, 也不可用它词替代.
3. who, which, ...

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定语从句和同位语从句的区别
1.定语从句对名词起修饰,限定作用,属形容词性质; 而同位语从句则是补充说明名词的具体内容, 属名词性质.
2.引导定语从句的that为关系代词, 在句中担任主语,宾语或表语, 作宾语时常省略, 有时可用which代替; 而引导同位语从句的that是连词, 无词义, 不担任句子成份, 不可省略, 也不可用它词替代.
3. who, which, when, where等引导定语从句时,与先行词指的是同一个人或物; 而引导同位语从句时, 则只对先行词的内容作说明.
4.where, when, why引导定语从句时, 前面必经有表示地点,时间,原因的先行词; 而引导同位语从句时, 则不要求有相应含义的先行词.
5.whether不可引导定语从句, 但可以引导同位语从句.
强调句式
It is/was+ 被强调的部份+that/who/whom
"被强调的部份" 可以是主语,宾语, 同位语 或 各种状语等多种成份. 若强调的是人, 可以用 who/whom代替that.

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