英语翻译翻译工具翻译的 看得出 最好是用谷歌找出来的 英文版的 英语好的 500到700字左右

英语翻译翻译工具翻译的 看得出 最好是用谷歌找出来的 英文版的 英语好的 500到700字左右
英语翻译
翻译工具翻译的 看得出 最好是用谷歌找出来的 英文版的 英语好的 500到700字左右

英语翻译翻译工具翻译的 看得出 最好是用谷歌找出来的 英文版的 英语好的 500到700字左右
Marxism is a radical philosophy, a revolutionary theory of social change authored by Karl Marx, the most important of all socialist thinkers. It is a fusion of German philosophy, mainly the dialectics of Hegel , French socialism, and British political economy. This combination makes Marxism unique among other philosophies in history. The fusion itself did not happen quickly out in a thin air. It was a tedious process out of Marx’s critical observation of society and history using the scientific method. It is revolutionary because it is dialectic, and was born out of his involvement of the class struggles happening at that time in Europe.
Karl Marx was born in May 5th, 1818, into a middle class Jewish family in Trier, Germany. His father, a respectable lawyer, later converted to Christianity for security reasons. At 17, Marx enrolled in the University of Bonn to study law. There he met his future wife Jenny von Westphalen, whose father had interested him in romantic literature and in the utopian socialism of Saint-Simon. The next year, his father sent him to the University of Berlin. He abandoned his pursuit on romantic poetry and began focusing on the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel, the most influential thinker in Berlin at that time. Marx became involved with the intellectuals who called themselves the Young Hegelians. The Hegelians were not a unified group but composed of two competing tendencies, the Left and Right Hegelians. Marx joined the radical Left, who accepted Hegel’s revolutionary dialectical method but rejected his conservative views.
Hegel’s dialectics explained that the world is a contradictory process, a progression of opposing elements called the thesis and the anti-thesis, resulting to the rise of the synthesis. As a process of two contradictory elements in a union, the dialectics is, also viewed as the unity of the opposites. Hegel suggested that history is a contradictory progression of ideas passing through different stages, which would finally arrive at the truth, or the Absolute Idea. The Absolute Idea is his other word for God. Marx took the dialectic theory, but rejected Hegel’s conclusion as idealistic. He said that Hegel’s dialectics was “standing on its head”, not on its feet. To put the dialectics back on its feet, Marx argued that to understand the real driving force of history, one has to look critically at society, the world, nature, and the universe. By using the scientific method, critical analysis will lead to better understanding of the world. This is the dialectical materialist approach.
According to Marx, humans, in their drive for survival have to meet their basic needs first before everything else, before they could practice religion, politics, culture, and etc…To meet their material needs is to produce. Thus, production is the driving force of history. When production, at one point in time, fails to provide the majority of people’s needs, society falls into a crisis, which causes social conflicts. Marx and his co-author, Friedrich Engels, wrote in the Communist Manifesto (1848) that “the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle.” Marxism itself is a philosophy born out of the contradiction within the modern economic system called capitalism. Without capitalism, there would have been no Marxism.
Capitalism was born in Europe in the 18th and 19th century out of the revolutionary struggles of the new emerging class, the bourgeoisie. Before their rise, the Church dominated politics, economics, and religion, ruling the continent by feudalism. Under feudalism, production was labored by the peasants ruled by the landlords and the clergy. Superstition dominated most peoples’ thoughts propagated by the Church. However, in a few centuries in what historians call the Medieval Period, a class of small merchants had laid out the networks of the rising economy called mercantilism. They were considered as social outcasts by the landlords who held the Catholic moral(or prejudice), believing that getting rich by selling or lending money with interest was very sinful. The aristocrats, however, were too proud to admit their appreciation of the goods delivered from afar by the merchants. The growth of small market economies gave accidental results along the process, like technological advances, for example. Their trading centers grew from small towns into big medieval cities called burghs, where the French word, bourgeois or city dweller came from.
Feudalism, did not have total ideological control over society that it ruled. The church leaders’ deadly persecution or Inquisition on freedom of thought did not stop a new generation of thinkers to challenge their authority. The Church itself was shook by schisms and the movement called Protestantism led by Martin Luther. In the heat of the conflicts masked in religion, it was no coincidence that the merchants supported the Protestants ― who preached that prosperity was the result of hard work and was highly moral. They finally found a kind of Christianity that suited well with their economic interest. The highly cultural period called the Renaissance, also, gave encouragement to a generation of freethinkers. A couple of centuries later came the dawn of the Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason. Europe was now electrified by progressive thoughts that had greatly affected the arts, science, philosophy, and other fields of knowledge that was against the interest of the Catholic Church.
Using Marxist dialectical analysis on this period of history, feudal Europe under the Catholic Church was the thesis. It was ridden with contradictions within i.e. its undemocratic and very oppressive rule on the majority that resulted into crises. The anti-thesis was growing power of the merchants that eventually challenged the church and the nobility. Feudalism, a backward system compared to the rising capitalism became futile in the face of technological advances favoring the bourgeoisie. Its armed hostility to science and reason during the Inquisition would eventually backfire in the irony of history. Spain may had all the gold plundered from her colonies, but England had the Industrial Revolution. In military warfare, the Spanish galleons were no match to the English steam-powered battleships. French feudalism embodied in the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV was ignorant of its coming downfall. The Great French Revolution of 1789 was the fullest expression of feudalism’s anti-thesis or negation. Louis XVI paid the price, literally, with his head when it was negated by the guillotine. With its economic power, the revolutionary bourgeoisie eventually became the political masters of the situation, issuing the historical Declaration of the Rights of Man. The modern institution of democracy had sown the seeds of socialism inside the womb of capitalism.
Marxism was only possible when the political, philosophical, and economic ground in Europe became favorable now to the bourgeoisie. It took the politics of the French socialists but rejected their utopianism. It applied the dialectics of Hegel in analyzing the changing society but without his idealism and mysticism. Marx referred to the works of the British economists, Adam Smith and David Ricardo on capitalism’s dynamic productivity, but criticized their denial of the real source of profit ― the workers. His thorough research about capitalism in the London library during his exile made it possible to complete the book, Das Kapital(1867), an in depth dialectical analysis on capitalism.
Marx saw capitalism as the most dynamic system throughout history. It has dominated the world within just three centuries. The endless drive for profit constantly revolutionizes technology. Reading the Communist Manifesto(while disregarding 19th century references to European history) would give one the impression that it was written for today’s generation. Capitalism has created vast wealth but also enormous poverty, a kind of crisis very peculiar from the rest of the crises in history. In ancient slave and feudal societies, crises arise out of scarcity, whereas capitalist crises today are the results of overproduction. Too many cars on sale, but too many who can not afford to buy them. Too much food stuffs in the grocery and the marketplace, letting the unsold goods to rot, while there are too many hungry and malnourished people. The United States, the world’s richest country ranks 37th in health care services.
Even after Karl Marx’s death on March 14, 1883, Marxism still remains a clear perspective on modern society. Capitalism, that has created vast inequality and modern social conflicts, will never be exempted from the laws of Hegelian dialectics. Because the corporate system is alive and dynamic, it is subject to contradictions. And contradictions lead to revolutionary situations. Optimistically, Marx already saw its agents of negation. He saw the new revolutionary class, the proletariat, as the “gravediggers” of capitalism. He advocated for the workers of the world to unite, to redistribute the wealth that they have created in the first place, and create a more humane system based on human need not corporate greed. Once the working class achieve complete victory over capital, humanity will then reach the end of history. His revolutionary ideas written 165 years ago still remains relevant today more than ever to fight for a just society.
帮你大概看了一下原作者是Eric Goden Lomocso （不是什么大师级别）在他的外国博客上找的.你用他的文章应该不容易被发现.希望能帮到你